1. Arabica cherry AA
2. Arabica Plantation AAA
3. Arabica Plantation AA
4. Arabica Plantation A
5. Arabica Plantation AB/B
6. Arabica Plantation C
7. Arabica Plantation PB
8. Arabica Plantation Bits
Packing & Load ability
Packing : 60 Kg Jute Bags
Load-Ability : 19.2 Metric tons in a 20 ft Container (19200 Kg or 320 Jute bags)
Arabica coffees (or Arabicas) have a delicate flavor and balanced aroma coupled with a sharp and sweet taste. They have about half the amount of caffeine compared to Robustas. Arabicas are harvested between November to January and are typically grown on higher altitudes ranging from 600 to 2000 meters in cold, moisture-rich, and subtropical weather conditions. They require nutrient-rich soil to be able to conform to the highest international coffee standards.
Four popular varieties of Arabica coffee are:
Kents Coffee
S.795 Coffee
Cauvery Coffee
Sln.9 (Selection 9) Coffee
Indian Folk paintings are pictorial expressions of village painters which are marked by the subjects chosen from epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, Indian Puranas as well as daily events. There are several vibrant folk painting types in India in different stages. They are distinctively different. The styles are related to their folk mythology.
Main clusters: The Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh is engaged in floor and wall painting.
Warli is vivid expression of daily and social events of Warli tribe in Maharashtra. Rajasthan is famous for Phad painting done on cloth. Other types of paintings are Pithora painting in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, Madhubani painting of Bihar, Chitrakar painting of West Bengal, Patachitras in Orissa, and Kalamkari in Srikalahasti (Andhra Pradesh).
Artisans involved:
Raw material used: All the different types of folk painting mainly use mineral colours and
Homemade canvases, if not drawn on walls and floors. Painting on walls and floors is done with help of white rice paste, ochre or yellow earth colours.
Different sands are used to prepare the base for the paintings, geru, kali mitti, etc.
Pithora art requires clay, and designs made from grains, herbs, spices, etc. The paintings may be made on canvas, paper and cloth surfaces.
Madhubani handiwork is a conventional type of painting well known in Bihar. The eliteness of the craftsmanship lies in the utilization of regular shades and mathematical examples.
Madhubani
The works of art portray the significant occasions and celebrations in Hindu culture and were at first painted on mud walls
History & Origin of Assam Tea
Initially, the British felt that the Assam tea plant was inferior. But later they realized that the Chinese variety was unable to survive the hot weather conditions in Assam. Eventually, they decided to go ahead with the Assamese plant.
By 1838, the first consignment of 12 chests of Assam tea had reached London. Subsequently (in February 1839) the Assam Company the first joint-stock tea company was formed in London. This was followed by the setting up of other companies like George Williamson and Jorehaut Tea Company
Cane and bamboo act as an alternative to wood which takes more time to grow and is costlier. Cane and bamboo are renewable resources that are abundantly available, especially in the North Eastern Region of the country. Cane is largely used for furniture making, whereas bamboo is used for making jewellery and decorative utility items like lamp-stand,
umbrella handles, partition, screen, flower pots, baskets, walking sticks, tool handles, fishing rods, tent poles, ladders, toys, fans, cups, mugs,
Mats etc. In recent years, uses of cane furniture have considerably increased in different classes of population.
Main clusters: Assam (Lakhimpur, Bongaigaon, Guwahati, etc.) and Tripura (Agartala,
Nelaghar, etc.) Are recognized as prominent places for cane and bamboo products both nationally as well as internationally. Assam is home to about 50 species67 of bamboo. Other major cane and bamboo handicraft centres are Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh in North Eastern region, West Bengal, Kerala, and Orissa
This is the most eco-accommodating workmanship to have risen up out of India. Aside from being special, the workmanship is different and faultless. The craftsmanship is utilized to make containers, dolls, toys, furniture, mats, wall decorations, crossbows, adornments boxes, and so forth.
Bamboo Workmanship
The spot to buy these painstaking work in India is West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura.
Introduction To The Best Black Tea in India
India is the largest producer and consumer of black tea in the world. All four varieties of tea (green, black, oolong, and white tea) come from the same evergreen plant named Camellia Sinensis. The differences among tea varieties result from the way tea manufacturers process the leaves.
What is Black Tea?
The best Black tea is a fully oxidized tea, unlike green tea which is not oxidized. The processing of this tea involves the additional step of aeration, followed by the withering of leaves for several hours to oxidize the flavonoids. This darkens the color of leaves from green to dark brownish â?? and also gives a distinctive flavor.
If you like the flavor of black tea, you can consume it in a variety of ways. In India, people normally add milk and sugar, as well as herbs such as ginger, mulethi, tulsi (holy basil), cinnamon, cardamom, lemongrass, etc to get the best black tea flavor.
Why Do People Drink It?
Tea is the second most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. And among all tea varieties, black tea is the most widely consumed. Most people drink it (usually hot) for taste, alertness, and energy. Best Black tea contains caffeine and theophylline, both of which can speed up your heart rate and make you feel more alert.
There is good scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is good for health. It not only lowers blood pressure but also increases your immunity and protects the heart, helping prevent obesity and tooth decay (among other things).
Cardamom of commerce is another mostly used Indian masala. It is the dried ripe fruit (capsules of cardamom plant) often referred to as the Queen of Spices because of its delightful aroma and taste.
Cardamom is a perennial, herbaceous, rhizomatous plant. Based on the nature of panicles, three varieties are recognized vizâ??Malabar with prostrate panicle, Mysore with erect panicle, and Vazhukka with semi-erect panicle.
In the case of Malabar, plants are of medium size (2 to 3 mtr height) with pubescent leaves (on the dorsal side) and fruits globose, whereas plants are robust (3 to 4 mtr height) with leaves glabrous on both sides with ovoid capsules in the case of Mysore. The Vazhukka variety is a mix of both the above in physical characteristics.
This Indian masala usually adds a lingering sparkle to every kind of dish, both traditional and modern. It is also used in baked goods and confectioneries
Large Cardamom is a perennial herb with subterranean rhizomes and 50-140 leafy aerial shoots. Each shoot has a height of 1.7 to 2.6 mtr and possesses 9 to 13 leaves in each tiller. Leaves are glabrous on both sides with a prominent mid-rib. The inflorescence is a condensed spike with a yellowish perianth.
Each peak has 10-15 fruits. The fruit is round or oval, with the capsule having a reddish-brown color. Each tablet is trilocular with many seeds. It is used as a flavoring in dishes like meat preparations.
It is an ingredient in curry powder and Indian masala mixtures and is also used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines. It has applications in flavoring cola, biscuits, and liquors
Carpet industry is one of the oldest industries in India, and isexport-orientedrt oriented industry. Various kinds of carpets are manufactured in India. These include hawoolented woollen carpetwoolened woollen carpets, woolene woollen durries, and pure silk carpets.
There different designs hold different meanings48: Circle â?? Eternity
Zigzag â?? Water and Lightening Swastika â?? Guiding light in darkness Meandering line â?? Continuity of life Tree â?? Bounty
Entire carpet â?? Emblem of Eternity Entire pattern â?? Visible world of change
Main clusters: Over the years, various carpet weaving centre have emerged in India.
Eaccenterre has its own competitive advantage. Majocenterses of carpet production are Badoni, Varanasi, Mirpur, Agra, Jaipur, Bikaner, Kashmir, and Pan pat, Gwalior, West Bengal, Uttara hand, Karnataka and Elluru in Andhra Pradesh.
Artisans involved: Indian carpet industry has over 2,500 exporters-cum-manufacturers and two million artisans49.
Raw material used: Major raw materials used for carpet manufacturing are fibre and or yarn form, dyes, chemicals, auxiliaries and ancillary materials
The commencement of stoneware can be followed back to Harappan civilization and from that point forward the craftsmanship has crossed over provincial limits and accumulated outstanding development. Each state has given its own touch to the specialty. While the ceramics in Uttar Pradesh is orange and light red, a lot more obscure shades of red and dark are seen in Himachal Pradesh.
Stoneware
Bikaner is popular for painted ceramics, Pokhran for its mathematical plans, Jaipur for its blue earthenware, and Alwar for Kagzi stoneware
India is a nation encircled on three sides by water and subsequently the fixation on shell craftsmanship appears to be legitimate. Shells are utilized to make numerous stunning pieces, for example, light fixtures, bangles, reflect outlines, place settings, and so on
Kents the earliest variety of Arabica coffee was selected by an English planter with the same name during the 1920s. It remained popular with farmers until the 1940s due to the lower susceptibility of this particular coffee plant to rust. Although it is currently grown in a few areas only, Kents coffee is known for its exceptional cup quality
The most popular variety of Arabica coffee in India, S.795, was launched in the 1940s. The S.795 coffee plant is known for its superior quality, high yields, bold beans, and better relative tolerance to leaf rust. The S.795 coffee plant was developed using the Kents Arabica coffee plant, known for its top quality. A widely cultivated Arabica variety, it has a balanced cup with the subtle flavor notes of Mocha coffee.
Also known as Catimor, the Cauvery coffee plant is a hybrid descendent of Caturra (a natural mutant of the high-quality Bourbon variety) and Hybrido-de-Timor. The Cauvery coffee plant inherited the superior quality attributes of Caturra and the fierce resistance of Hybrido-de-Timor
The Selection 9 coffee plant is a hybrid between Tafarikela (an Ethiopian Arabica collection) and the sturdy and resistant Hybrido-de-Timor. It boasted of all the superior cup quality traits of Tafarikela. It won the Fine Cup Award for best Arabica at the Flavour of India â?? Cupping Competition 2002 organized by Indian Coffee Board.
Coffee from Anamalais (Tamil Nadu)
Elevation: 1000-1400 m MSL
Rainfall: 2500-3000 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 2,500 ha
Average production: 1,500 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Cauvery, Sln.9
Main intercrops: Pepper, Orange, Banana
The Anamalais region is known for its wildlife sanctuaries â?? with spotted leopards and elephants. This medium-altitude mountain range on the southern tip of the Western Ghats experiences high rainfall. The plantations are home to high-grown Arabicas, including the exotic Kents. The Arabicas here are finely grown broad types of coffee beans that are greyish green in color and tend to be more balanced with a strong aroma coupled with citrus essence.
Elevation: 900-1100 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm
Main Indian coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 20,000 ha
Average production: 3,100 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Sln.4, San.5, Cauvery
Main intercrops: Pepper, Mango, Jackfruit, Vegetables
Home to colorful parrots, the Araku Valley is situated in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh and southern Orissa. The development of coffee plantations here is more recent. It has been a boon to the tribal populations here since it has provided them with a viable alternative to their traditional methods of shifting cultivation. Indian Coffee from Araku Valley is characterized by the medium body, medium to sharp acidity, and intense aroma with spicy notes.
Elevation: 1000-1500 m MSL
Rainfall: 1750-2200 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 15,000 ha
Average production: 10,500 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Sln.9, Cauvery
Intercrops: Pepper, Cardamom, Arecanut
The birthplace of Indian Coffee, Bababudangiris, is named in honor of the legendary saint Baba Budan1 â?? who brought Coffee to India. With a peak altitude of 1500 meters, the region is frequented by spotted deer. The coffee plantations here produce full-bodied Arabicas, which ripen at a relatively slower pace due to mild weather conditions. The Indian Coffee from these carefully selected beans, which are processed through natural fermentation, has a full-body, acidity, sweet flavor, and unmistakable aroma with a hint of chocolate
Elevation: 1500-2000 m MSL
Rainfall: 1100-1200 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 800 ha
Average production: 700-800 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Sln.9, Cauvery
Main intercrops: Orange, Banana, Pepper
Major wildlife presence: Sambar
The literal meaning of Biligiris is white hills, and these hills in south-eastern Karnataka get the name because their peaks are covered with silver clouds and white mist for most of the year. They are among the highest altitude coffee growing regions in India, and the most famous variety coming from this region is the high elevation S.795 Arabica. The Indian Coffee ripens slowly under a mild shade of silver oaks and fruit trees and has a full-body, lovely aroma and a unique sweet flavor
Elevation: 800-1200 m MSL
Rainfall: 1500-2000 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 5,000 ha
Average production: 300 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Cauvery
Main intercrops: Pineapple, Pepper, Jackfruit, Vegetables
Indian Coffee is grown in all the eight states of Northeast â?? Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Sikkim, and Nagaland. The Brahmaputra river â?? which flows across Assam and Arunachal Pradesh â?? is the lifeline of this region, which is home to the mighty one-horned rhinoceros found in Kaziranga National Park. Although current production levels are relatively low, the Arabica coffee from this region is unique with a medium to full body, a uniquely fruity essence, mild degrees of acidity, and a pleasant aroma.
Elevation: 700-1200 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-4500 mm
Main coffee types: Arabica, Robusta
The total area under coffee: Arabica 37,000 ha, Robusta 23,000 ha
Average production: Arabica 29,000 MT, Robusta â?? 30,000 MT
Main varieties: Arabica S.795, San.5B, Sln.9, Cauvery
Robusta Peridenia, S.274, CXR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Cardamom, Arecanut, Orange, Vanilla
Chikmagalur in Karnataka is especially renowned as a tourist paradise with dense forests and wildlife sanctuaries with (among other species) colorful peacocks apart from substantial coffee plantations. It is home to the Central Indian Coffee Research Institute and is also called the Coffee Country of India. The Arabica beans from this region produce Indian Coffee that has a medium body coupled with light acidity and flavor, and medium to the intense aroma
Elevation: 750-1100 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-2500 mm
Main coffee types: Arabica, Robusta
The total area under coffee: Arabica â?? 26,000 ha, Robusta 56,000 ha
Average production: Arabica 24,000 MT, Robusta â?? 69,000 MT
Main varieties: Arabica S.795, Sln.6, Sln.9,
Cauvery; Robusta S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Cardamom, Orange, Banana, Arecanut
Coorg is India's largest coffee-producing district. The district, which is also famous for its honey, is the source of the Cauvery river and has a rich history associated with the brave Kodava warriors. The region produces both Arabicas and Robustas. The Arabica coffees from Coorg are lightly acidic with a mild flavor and intense aroma, while the Robusta coffees are soft and neutral, with hues of chocolate
Elevation: 900-1100 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-2500 mm
Main coffee types: Arabica, Robusta
The total area under coffee: Arabica 31,700 ha, Robusta 9,400 ha
Average production: Arabica 21,000 MT, Robusta 9,500 MT
Main varieties: Arabica S.795, Sln.6, Sln.9, Cauvery Robusta S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Cardamom, Orange, Arecanut, Banana
Major wildlife presence: Jungle fowl
Manjarabad is a relatively small geographical Coffee growing area between Chikmagalur and Coorg, with medium-elevation mountains and rainfall ranging from 1000-2500 mm. The region is characterized by gentle sloping terrains and small streams and is home to the jungle fowl. Although it is a small region, the mixed shade Arabicas produced here are among the best, and planters in the area are known for employing innovative technologies. Coffees from Manjarabad have a medium to full body, mild acidity, medium to intense aroma, and pleasant flavor
Elevation: 900-1400 m MSL
Rainfall: 1600-2600 mm
Main coffee types: Arabica, Robusta
The total area under Coffee: Arabica , 3,600 ha, Robusta , 4,000 ha
Average production: Arabica ,1,400 MT, Robusta , 2,800 MT
Main varieties: Arabica S.795, Kents, Cauvery Robusta, Peridenia, S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Orange, Banana, Ginger, Vegetables
Major wildlife presence: Spotted leopards
Nilgiris, or the Blue Mountains, are situated on the Western Ghats and have elevations ranging from 5000 feet to 8800 feet. Besides its wildlife sanctuaries that host the spotted leopard, the region is known for some of the best Kents Arabica (as well as high-quality teas). The coffee beans are bold and bluish-green and ripen slowly in the mild climate. Nilgiri coffee has a full body, sharp acidity, beautiful aroma, and sweet flavor
Elevation: 600-2000 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 14,000 ha
Average production: 7,500 MT
Main varieties: S.795, San.5B, Sln.9, Sln.10, Cauvery
Main intercrops: Orange, Banana, Pepper, Cardamom, Vegetables
The Pulleys hill range is situated adjacent to the popular Kodaikanal hill resort on the southernmost tip of the Western Ghats. Among the unique features of this hill, the field is the bluebell-like Kurinji flower that is visible only once in 12 years. Some of the best Arabicas are grown here like S.795, S1n.10, and Cauvery. These coffees have a medium body, medium-plus acidity, and a slight flavor coupled with a citrus aroma.
Elevation: 900-1500 m MSL
Rainfall: 800-1500 mm
Main coffee type: Arabica
The total area under Coffee: 5,000 ha
Average production: 3,000 MT
Main varieties: S.795, Cauvery, Sln.9
Main intercrops: Orange, Banana, Pepper
The Sheveroys region has abundant lakes and tall peaks, where premium Arabica coffees like S.795, S1n.9, and Cauvery are grown at altitudes of up to 5000 feet under silver oaks. The berries mature at a slow rate and acquire a bluish-green color. They produce Coffee with a medium body, good acidity, and a slight flavor with a tinge of spice. The lower areas of the hills in the region are frequented by the Gaur or Indian bison.
Elevation: 400-1600 m MSL
Rainfall: 2000-4000 mm
Main coffee type: Robusta
The total area under Coffee: 13,000 ha
Average production: 9,000 MT
Main varieties: S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Banana, Ginger, Vegetables, Medicinal plants
Travancore is an erstwhile princely state in southern Kerala, where lotus flowers are often found growing in shallow waters. Two separate Indian coffee growing areas are part of the region â?? Idduki (mostly Robusta) and Nelliampathys (both Arabica and Robusta). The mountains of Idduki are of medium to a high elevation and are also home to numerous plantation crops, spices, and medicinal plants. Nelliampathys, on the other hand, is well known for the CxR variety of robusta coffee. These Robustas have a full body and sweet taste with very little bitterness
Elevation: 600-900 m MSL
Rainfall: 1100-1200 mm
Main coffee type: Robusta
The total area under Coffee: 67,000 ha
Average production: 54,000 MT
Main varieties: Peridenia, S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Banana, Ginger, Vegetables
Wayanad in northern Kerala is the largest Robusta-producing region in India with medium-altitude, gently sloping hills with fertile laterite soil. A wide variety of plantation crops are grown in the small coffee plantations in this region, including spices and condiments, as well as staple foods like yam. Wayanad coffees are prepared from the washed Arabicas of Chikmagalur, Coorg, Biligiris, Bababudangiris, and Shevaroys. The coffee beans are broad, bluish-green in color, and have a clean, polished appearance. The CXR and S.274 Robusta varieties from Wayanad are famous for their soft to neutral essence, full body, and intense aroma with hints of chocolate.
Elevation: 750-1100 m MSL
Rainfall: 1000-2500 mm
Main coffee types: Arabica, Robusta
Total area under coffee: Arabica â?? 26,000 ha, Robusta â?? 56,000 ha
Average production: Arabica â?? 24,000 MT, Robusta â?? 69,000 MT
Main varieties: Arabica â?? S.795, Sln.6, Sln.9,
Cauvery; Robusta â?? S.274, CxR
Main intercrops: Pepper, Cardamom, Orange, Banana, Arecanut
Coorg is India's largest coffee-producing district. The district, which is also famous for its honey, is the source of the Cauvery river and has a rich history associated with the brave Kodava warriors. The region produces both Arabicas and Robustas
Cumin is the dried, white fruit with the greyish-brown color of a small, slender annual herb. The surface of the fruit has five primary ridges, alternatively has four less distinct secondary peaks bearing numerous short hairs. The plant is 15 to 50 cm high. The aromatic seed-like fruit is elongated, ovoid, 3 to 6 mm long, slightly bitter and has a warm flavor.
The flowers are white or rose-colored in small umbels. This Indian masala has an aromatic odor and a bitter taste. It is used as a condiment ingredient in curry powders, seasonings of bread, cakes, and cheese
In textile hand embroidery, embellishment is made on fabric with threads and sometimes with other materials. Various types of hand embroideries are practiced in India. Each type of embroidery is different from the other and has its own beauty and significant value. Cardoza, one of such embroidery, is one the world famous textile hand embroidery craft.
Main clusters: In India there are many popular embroidery clusters such as Chikankari and zardozi of Lucknow, katha of Bengal, fulkari of Punjab, kutchi embroidery of Gujarat and kashidakari of Kashmir.
Cardoza has been traditionally prevalent in Lucknow and the six
Surrounding districts of Barabanki, Unnao, Sitapur, Rae Bareli, Hardoi and Amethi. Lucknow zardozi has been accorded the Geographical Indication (GI) registration.
Artisans involved: The Lucknow zardozi cluster supports an estimated 1.75 lakh artisans.
Around 2 lakh people directly involved in the supply and value chain in the cluster. Further, the Chikankari cluster of Lucknow provides employment to
2.5 lakh people.
Raw material used: Basic materials used for this craft are cotton and silk threads of various colours, mirrors, beads, metal wire, cotton, silk, leather, fish skin, teeth, bones, feathers, horn, shells, beetle wings, tassels, coins.
Raw material used for Chikankari embroidery includes untwisted mill yarn (Muga), silk, crepe, organise, cotton, terry-cotton, chiffon, muslin or Tussar Yarn.
Zardozi is a well established fine art that integrates the utilization of silver strings, gold petals, pearls, and valuable stones. The craftsmanship is very famous even today however the gold and silver are supplanted by copper wire cleaned in gold or silver and silk string.
Zardozi
The craftsmanship is well known for its precise and definite way to deal with making elaborate plans. Delhi is where you can find bits of this rich weaving that is well known all over the planet
Indian Wood Inlay / Marquetry is the process of decorating the surface of wood by setting in pieces of material such as ivory (traditionally), bone, plastic, shell or wood of different colours. Products with inlay include doors, jewellery boxes, plates, boxes, bowls, cigarette cases, and figures of animals, especially elephants. This craft form was brought to India from Persia in the 18th century. Mysore is home to heritage structures beautifully adorned using wood carvings with inlay work. Royal Indian processions, landscapes, pictures of Gods and Goddesses, scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana are depicted using shade effects in this craft.
Main clusters: The craft is concentrated in Mysore and Bengaluru in Karnataka.
Other places where this craft is practiced are Bijnor, Punjab, Saharanpur, and Uttar Pradesh.
Artisans involved: As reported in 2005, the craft involved over 2,000 artisans in
Mysore cluster61.
Raw material used: Maadi, lac, champa, yellow fanas, dark red rosewood along with
Plastic and bone, is used for inlay work62. Rosewood is sourced
From auctions at Kushanagar, Tithimathi and Dandeli. Fibre boards are also used to cut down on the cost. Different color woods like white cedar, chill pine, rubber wood, red sandal, jackfruit wood etc. are used to add multiple colours to the art piece. A mixture of wax and charcoal is used to fill fine details.
Wooden furniture is the biggest component of the Indian furniture market, accounting for about 65% of the total furniture manufactured in India.
Main clusters:
Although, wooden furniture manufacturing activity is spread across India. Main centres are Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Surat, and Vadodara in Gujarat, Srinagar in J&K, Jalandhar in Punjab, Sikar in Rajasthan, Cooch Bihar in West Bengal, Bareilly and Ghaziabad in UP
About 300,000 people are employed in the Indian furniture industry.
Wood is the main raw material. Various types of woods are used with popular ones being Walnut, Sandalwood, Teak, Sheesham, Mango, Deodar, Ebony, Redwood, Rosewood, Red Cedar, and Sal. Teak account for 50% of the wooden furniture. Other materials used are adhesives, nails, and finishing materials such as stains, basecoats, glazers, and enamels.
Tools used include hand saw, hand planer, sand paper, hammer, nails, hand drill, chisel, brush, etc.
In Jodhpur64, manufacturing wooden furniture involves the following processes:
Procurement
Wood is procured in the form of planks of 4.5 inch width and 3-6 feet length
Indian artisans are skilled in making cut, shaped, and polished beautiful objects from odd blocks of stone and marble. One of the
Most attractive work of art that comes from various stones is stone inlay work. Marble inlay is one such exquisite art, which is integral part of the cultural heritage of India.
Stone inlay can be broadly divided in three categories:
Fine inlay â?? This type of inlay is supremely intricate and involves minimal use of machinery. The skill of the craftsmen is rightly put to test in such type of inlay.
Medium inlay â?? This is a little bigger than the fine inlay and
Hence can involve some use of machinery. The designs of this inlay are not very small and the pieces to be inlayed can be of bigger sizes.
Monumental inlay â?? This is the largest type of inlay work and is not practiced in India currently Italy being the hub of this craft.
Main clusters: Rajasthan is known for the inlay on table tops, flooring, and wall
Decorative. In Jodhpur, inlay is done on yellow Jaisalmer stone. Agra is famous for Parachinar work which is a very minute and precise inlay work.
Green Tea Introduction
Green tea is a favorite among fitness enthusiasts. Unlike other teas, green tea is among the least oxidized of all teas. It is quickly preserved and heated to prevent oxidation, the same process that turns the color of an apple after you slice it because it is exposed to oxygen.
Due to the difference in its processing, green tea retains the maximum amounts of antioxidants and polyphenols1 that are responsible for its many health benefits.
Green teas (Indian) are grown mostly in tea estates in Darjeeling (West Bengal). High-altitude Darjeeling is grown green teas have a special astringent flavor to them, whereas Nilgiri green teas grown in South India have distinct vegetal notes with a stronger taste.
What is Green Tea
Like all other varieties of tea, green tea comes from the same evergreen plant named Camellia sinensis. However, it is made from unfermented leaves with minimal processing. It reportedly contains the highest concentration of antioxidants called polyphenols. Antioxidants are substances that fight and reduce free radicals and prevent some of the damage they cause to our cells, including cancer and heart disease.
Although green tea is extremely popular in Japan and China, it is gaining popularity in India and other countries due to its health benefits and unique taste
Pattachitra is a traditional work of art mixed with society components. The craftsmanship started quite a while back and incorporates scroll painting on bits of fabric. The canvases for the most part portray the accounts of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Aside from the accounts, the works of art of Hindu divinities are additionally very famous.
Pattachitra
Just normal colors and colors are utilized in the making of Pattachitra. The province of Odisha is the spot to buy these handiworks in India
Handloom industry represents the rich cultural and traditional heritage unique to India. India is a major handloom producer in the world, accounting for 85% of the total production globally53. India produces a variety of products using all kinds of fibres and yarns of varying counts to produce the widest range of products. Handloom contributes 14.6% to the total cloth production in the country (excluding wool, silk and yarn). In 2010-11, handloom production stood at 6.9 billion square meters.
Further, the industry has the largest infrastructure with 23.8 lakh weaving looms54.
Main clusters: There are 470 handloom clusters, of which 230 clusters have more than 1,000 weaving looms. Out of these 230 clusters, 41 clusters have over 25,000 weaving looms55. Major clusters in India are Bahraich, Bhuj, Karimnagar, Patan, Varanasi, Nawan, Shaher, Boudh, etc.
Artisans involved: Handloom industry is second largest employment generator in India, next only to agriculture. It provides employment to the low income sections of the society, with 86 % handloom weavers/workers living in rural and semi- urban areas. As per the Handloom Census of 2009-10, there are 23.8 lakh handlooms, employing 43.3 lakh handloom weavers and allied workers1.
Raw material used: Raw materials cost constitutes a major portion (40-60%) of the total production cost of handloom products. Yarn is the main raw material used in handloom production. Handloom industry consumes a diverse range of yarns from natural viz. cotton, wool, silk, jute to artificial viz. synthetic,
Cellulose and multiple blends of such yarns. Other materials used are chemicals, dyes, etc.
Hand printed textiles is a craft in which cloth is dyed with hand or
Printed using shapes. Various types of hand printing practiced in India are block printing, batik, kalmkari (hand printing by pen) and bandhani (tie and die).
Main clusters:
Process:
Sanganeri style printing
Some of the important centres of this craft are in the states of Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad, Machalipattnam), Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Farrukabad), Orissa, Madhya Pradesh (Bagh, Behrongarh, Indore, Mandsar, and Burhanpur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Rajkot, and Kutch), Maharashtra and Rajasthan (Bagru, Chittroli, Sanganer, Jaipur, and Jodhpur).
Originally natural dyes were used for printing, however, in the current scenario they have been replaced by chemical and artificial colours.
Hand printing is undertaken on both cotton and silk fabrics of varying counts.
Main tools for hand printing (block printing) are wooden/metal blocks of different shapes, paatiya (table padded with jute and covered with cloth on which the fabric to be printed is spread across), brushes (for cleaning the flocks of wax), heating vessel (to maintain temperature of the mendh), indigo vats, steel chisels, and metal sheets.
Block printing is a common art practiced all over India. Steps involved in Mendh Ki chapai (block printing)of Rajasthan are shown below. The process in its entirety takes about 15-20 days. Washing and
Drying are carried out after every step.
Sourcing of raw material
Grey fabric is sourced from Erode in Tamil Nadu
Filigree is an extremely ancient technique dating back to 4000 years ago. The silver filigree work in India encompasses various steps that are required to give the items a perfect grandeur.
Silver filigree work is a style unique in itself. Filigree work is performed on silver and involves significant precision and technicality. The artefacts manufactured comprises alloy that contains over 90% of silver. With changing times, artists have been using new methods to compete in the market.
Main clusters: Two major clusters of silver filigree in India are Karimnagar in
Andhra Pradesh and Cuttack in Orissa. The practice in Karimnagar is about two centuries old. However it is also practiced in Warangal in Andhra Pradesh
Jewellery making is considered as the most distinctive and highly artistic
Craft in India. India has well-established capabilities for hand-made jewelry, both in traditional and modern designs. Currently, Indian imitation jewelry market is around INR 8,000 crore, which is expected to reach INR 15,000 crore by 201576.
Main clusters: Major centres of handmade jewellery are Delhi, Moradabad, Sambhal, Jaipur, Kohima (Tribal), Nellore, Mysore, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, etc.
India is a trailblazer in jute craftsmanship and the jute fairs are visited by numerous occupants and outside Nationals. This craftsmanship of India arose in the significant jute-delivering areas of Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam.
Jute Craftsmanship
The use of this art has extended to sacks, table cloths, office writing supplies, bangles, and gems.
Zari is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Pakistani and Persian garments and other materials such as curtains, etc. Zari is woven into fabrics, primarily made of silk, felt or velvet to create intricate patterns. The thread is
Also used as a raw material for Cardoza embroidery, which is one of the oldest and most beautiful embroidery styles of India. It is
Used extensively in clothing and home decoration. Four types of sari are produced in India, namely, real sari, semi real sari, imitation sari and plastic sari.
Main clusters: Surat is the home of sari Industry in India. Other clusters
Producing sari are Bareilly, Varanasi, Agra, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Vadodara, Lather, Jaipur, Barer, etc.
Artisans involved: Surat, which caters about 55%42 of the total sari demand, has over
15,700 sari units, employing about 1.05 lakh artisans43. Furthermore, 50,000 artisans provide support service to the cluster.
Raw material used: Real sari is made of silver and electroplated with gold, whereas
Semi real sari has a composition of copper coated with silver and gold electroplating. Imitation Zari is made of copper electroplated with silver. Plastic sari, is manufactured using metallic yarn. Other materials used for making sari include cotton yarn, silk and art silk.
Real sari is used in costly product; however, its use is limited compared to imitation and plastic
The leather industry, including leather footwear, is one of the oldest traditional industries in India. India has a capacity of producing about 900 million pairs of leather footwear and 100 pairs of leather shoe uppers44. Leather and allied industries in India play an important role in terms of providing employment to a large number of artisans and also earn foreign exchange through exports.
Main clusters: The major production centers in India are Chennai and Rapine in
Tamil Nadu), Mumbai in Maharashtra), Agra, Lucknow, and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, Jalandhar in Punjab, Delhi, Carnal and Faridabad in Haryana, Kolkata in West Bengal, Jaipur and Jodhpur in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Calicut in Kerala.
Artisans involved: Leather footwear manufacturing employs over one lakh people
Across the country45. According to Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI),2,091 tanneries are functioningg across the country28.
Raw mThe rawrial used: Hides of cattle, buffalo, sheep ,and goats are the main raw materials
Used for leather footwear production. Generally, it takes 7 to 21 days for hides to reach the tannery after the animal has been skinned. Other raw materials used for manufacturing leather footwear are synthetic materials, laces, adhesives, MCR (micro cellular rubber) sheet, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) & TPR (thermos plastic rubber) unit soles.
Manufactured is designed based on market demand and raw material requirement is estimated
India is known worldwide for its leather products. In rural areas, hide from cattle and camel is locally cured and after tanning, it is used to make different items. Leather products such as jackets, lampshades, pouches, bags, belts, wallets, and stuffed toys are exported from India in large quanquantitiesather bags & wallets account for maa jor portion of total exports.
Main clusters: Leather products are produced in several regions, as different regions have different leather products to offer. Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and UP are the top states in terms of manufacturing (leather products excluding footwear) units. The Council for Leather Exports plans to establish six more leather clusters in the country by 2017.
Artisans involved: The leather industry employs about 25 lakh people47, mostly from weaker sections of society. The country is fan acing acute shortage of human resoThe rawes.
Raw material used: India has plenty of raw materials, as the country haworldof the worlds
Cattle/buffalo,the and 11% of sheep population
Japanese Mint (Mentha Arvensis) is a perennial herb with creeping rootstalk and an erect stem, 1-2 quadrangulate branched with short, dense hair. Leaves are 2.5 - 5cm long, oblong-ovate. Flowers are in auxiliary whorls, none at the top. The plant rises to a height of 0.4-0.8 meters.
This Indian masala is used for flavoring meat, fish, sauces, soups, stews, vinegar, tea, tobacco, and cordials. The mint oil is used for producing natural menthol; decentralized oil is used for flavoring mouthwashes and toothpaste
Most of India's musical instruments need to be made with precision using very specific materials for different parts of the instrument. Indian musical instruments have high level of structural design and complexities to derive the unique sound for making it rhythmic to extract Indian music. Some of the popular instruments are sitar, flute, shehnai, tabla, sarangi, and ghatam.
Jodhpur, Ranchi, Tiruchirappalli, Vishakhapatnam, and Kolhapur are important centres for musical instruments craft.
Materials used depend on the type of instrument; however, some basic materials used are wood, leather (sheep skin, buffalo skin, and goat skin), twine or cotton thread, brass, ivory and yarn
The metal crafts of India display intricate craftsmanship and fine art in shaping gold, silver, brass, copper into exquisite designed images, idols, jewellery, and utility items. Different categories of handicrafts that come under metal ware are brass metal ware of Moradabad, metal bidri work and bell metal in Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and so on. India is the largest brassware producer in the world. Moradabad cluster alone reports ~INR2, 500 crore annual turnover of brassware.
Main clusters:
Major clusters of metal ware are Brassware: Moradabad, Murshidabad, Madurai, Salem, Cuttack and Haryana. Whereas, major centres of bell metal ware are Salem, Cuttack, Murshidabad, and Tiruchirappalli.
Moradabad cluster has 850 export units and 25,000 metal craft industrial units, and is said to house ~29% of the metalwork- artisans in India73.
Bell metal consists of copper, zinc, tin, iron and mercury. Acid.
Basic tools required for making brassware include oven, lathe, hammer, tongs, pincers, files, scrapers, hand operated drill, chisel, vessels, crucible, wax, mallet, hand blower, buffing machine, etc
Pottery has been called the lyric of handicrafts because of its irresistible and universal appeal. There is a wide range of pottery and clay crafts in India.
Some of the most popular forms of pottery include blue pottery, black and red pottery, roulette ware, and dull red & grey ware. The craft faces severe competition from industrial goods made up of aluminium and plastic.
India has a rich tradition of clay crafts and pottery throughout the country. Asharikandi in Assam is the largest cluster in India, where terracotta and pottery craft is found. Other clusters are Bhadrawati, Bulandshahar, Nizamabad, Pune, Chandrapur, etc.
Potters is the fourth largest amongst the artisanal groups in India. It is estimated that about 10 lakh people79 are involved in this craft.
The main raw material for this craft is ordinary clay, derived from the beds of water bodies. One major challenge for the potters is the rapid depletion of suitable clay. Water, catechu, red-soil, cattle dung, firewood, sand paper, hay, wood, ash, bricks for the kiln etc. are other materials used in pottery
Warli is a dazzling craftsmanship of India that traces all the way back to 2500-3000 years. This ancestral artistic expression has risen up out of the clans dwelling in the mountains and seaside areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The works of art are basic portrayals with mathematical shapes like circles, squares, and triangles.
Warli Craftsmanship
These shapes are gotten from nature, where the circle addresses the sun and moon while the triangle signifies trees and mountains. Palghar region in Maharashtra is where the fine art is as yet polished and is a wellspring of work for Warli craftsmen
Prevalently known as Kathputli, a type of manikin theater started in Rajasthan a while back. Kathputli comprises of two words Kath and Putli that means a doll made of wood. In any case, the wooden manikins additionally require fabric, cotton, and wires in their development and beautification.
Puppetry
These manikins are moved with the assistance of a string. Manikin theater is acted in fairs and celebrations and by and large portrays stories for instructive and mindfulness purposes. They make lovely trinkets from the areas of Rajasthan like Jaipur, Bikaner, Udaipur, and so on.
Cover winding around is one more famous workmanship of India. These hand-woven floor coverings are known for their complicated plans. Uttar Pradesh is the center point for the rug delivering industry in India. The city of Bhadohi houses 500 rug winding around enterprises, which makes it a main rug winding around center point in south Asia.
Cover Winding around
Srinagar, one of the most visited vacationer places in India creates the best quality silk covers that have assembled enormous notoriety all through the world.
Phulkari is a perplexing weaving method, yet the term is additionally utilized for cloaks and scarves weaved with Phulkari. The striking element of this handiwork is the utilization of lively varieties. Having a goliath mass allure, the handiwork is being reproduced in contemporary ways by the creators.
Phulkari
The spot to buy this impeccable piece of handiwork in India is Amritsar in Punjab where energetic culture is portrayed through the splendid shades of Phulkari strings
Tarakasi is the carefully cut craftsmanship found in Cuttack and different pieces of Odisha. The specialty has acquired gigantic prominence and it is utilized predominantly to make adornments.
Tarakasi
Silver is beaten and changed into wires, these wires are then joined to shape delightful handiworks
Earthenware means heated earth and is a well established strategy of making painstaking work with mud or dirt. Aside from being eco-accommodating, this specialty is equipped for delivering heavenly pieces. Customarily utilized for puppets, the workmanship is presently used to make toys, pots, containers, dolls, relics, and home style.
Teracotta
Goalpara in Assam and Bishnupur in West Bengal are the movement objections in India where you can accumulate these crafted works
India is a trailblazer in jute craftsmanship and the jute fairs are visited by numerous occupants and outside Nationals. This craftsmanship of India arose in the significant jute-delivering areas of Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam.
Jute Craftsmanship
The use of this art has extended to sacks, table cloths, office writing supplies, bangles, and gems.
This weaving method includes sewing little bits of material on a bigger foundation to make faultless plans. This workmanship of India is tedious and requires experienced craftsmanship.
Applique
Pipli in Odisha is the spot to buy this workmanship in India. Utilize a circuit course organizer to design your outing to this little handiwork town.
Bidriware is a metal handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka.
The term Bidriware originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief centre of the unique metal ware? It is a form of encrusted metal ware, where one metal is inlaid on to another. Bidri products include a diverse range of objects including hukka bases, bowls, boxes, candle stands, trays, jewellery and buttons.
The craft contains complicated sequences of metal inlay on a zinc and tin alloy base. Bidri has its roots in the Persian technique of inlaying gold and silver on steel or copper. It travelled from Iran to Ajmer in Rajasthan in the 13th century AD, and from there to Bijapur and flourished during the reign of the Deccan Sultanate.
Main clusters: The art is mainly practiced in Bidar in Karnataka and Hyderabad in
Andhra Pradesh. Apart from these, it is also practiced in Aurangabad district in the state of Maharashtra and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh.
Dhokra craftsmanship is a one of a kind type of metal projecting rehearsed in Madhya Pradesh and portions of Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal. This workmanship is known for its straightforwardness and is fit for creating special things each time.
Dhokra workmanship
The workmanship is utilized to make things like adornments, ashtrays, pen stands, and candle stands
Wood turning involves the use of lathe on which a rapidly rotating piece of wood is shaped with a chisel to create cylinders spheres or cones. The beauty of this craft lies in painting the smooth wooden shapes. Usually, the turned piece is coated with coloured lacquer. Today, lacquer ware
Production has diversified in response to changing markets. It now includes jewellery, decorative pieces, household utility articles and educational articles such as skipping rope handles, chess sets, pen holders, paper weights and rubber stamp holders.
The softwood lacquer ware toy business is on verge of closure due to government apathy, stringent export norms and rising input costs. The European Union, Australia and the US demand for certifications and eco-friendly compliance markings on this craft.
Main clusters: Etikoppaka in Andhra Pradesh is the hometown of lacquer ware. Other important centres are Ernakulam, Chennapatna, Chitrakoot, Davanagere, Medak, Sankheda, and Varanasi
Artisans involved: The Etikoppaka Mutually-Aided Cooperative Society comprises 165 artisans63.
Raw material used: The industry is totally dependent on forests for the primary raw
Materials. These forest-based products are the wood of the hale tree (or other species like teak, oak, ebony, redwood, rosewood, red cedar, pine, etc.), lac produced by the insect Technadria lacca and the leaves of the talegiri (Pandanus odoratissimus). Synthetic materials used are paints and pigments. Lithophone (compound of barium sulphate and zinc
Sulphide) is used to give opaqueness to the lac.
Black Pepper is the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum, a climbing, perennial shrub mostly found in the hot, moist region of Southern India. Under cultivation, pepper vines are trailed over support as columns, 5-6 meters tall, 1-2 meter in diameter.
The climbing woody stems have swollen nods with clinging roots at each node, which helps in anchoring the vine to the support trees (standards).
It has a straight upward growing main stem and has lateral shoots from the axils of the leaves having shorter inter nodes without adventitious roots. In such branches, the terminal buds get modified into an inflorescence (spike), and the auxiliary buds continue further growth.
Pepper is mostly used as an Indian masala by meatpackers and in canning, pickling, and baking, due to its preservative value. It can correct the seasoning of dishes. Therefore it is used as a final dash at the end of cooking to adjust the flavor effectively.
It is an essential component of the culinary seasoning of universal use and is a necessary ingredient of numerous commercial foodstuffs. It is also used as an ingredient in spice mixes
Chilli is the dried ripe fruit of the genus Capsicum. Capsicum annuum is an annual subshrub. The flowers are borne singly and the fruits are usually pendent, which provide red peppers, cayenne, paprika, and chilies and sweet pepper (bell pepper) a mild form with large inflated fruits.
Capsicum is a perennial chilly with small-sized pods which are highly pungent. It is commonly known as â??bird chillyâ?? and â??Tabasco.â??
Dry chilly is extensively used as a spice in curried dishes. It is also used as an ingredient in curry powder and seasonings. Bird crisp is used in making hot sauces as pepper sauce and Tabasco sauce.
Paprika, Bydagi chilly, Warangal chapatti, and similar high colorless pungent varieties of Indian masala are widely used for color extraction. This color is highly popular among food and beverage processors for its use as a colorant, as it is a natural plant color.
1. Robusta cherry AAA
2. Robusta cherry AA
3. Robusta Cherry A
4. Robusta cherry AB
5. Robusta cherry PB
6. Robusta Cherry C
7. Robusta cherry Bits
Robusta coffee (or Robustas) has twice the level of caffeine compared to Arabicas. Robusta coffees have a robust taste, a grainy essence, and an aftertaste somewhat similar to that of peanuts. It is possible to grow this variety at lower heights. Robusta coffee plants are harvested from December to February, and can better withstand the onslaught of unfriendly weather and plant pests.
These types of coffee beans have a better yield and take less time to bear fruit than Arabicas. Although the Arabica variety is preferred in international markets, high-quality robusta coffee is also highly sought after in espressos due to their strong taste and the crema1 that they help generate.
Two popular varieties of Robusta coffee are:
S.274 Coffee
CxR Coffee
Coir is a natural, eco-friendly, water proof and exceptionally tensile
Fibre extracted from the nuts of coconut palms. It is found in abundance and is used for manufacturing a wide range of eco-friendly toys, mats, brushes, mattresses, wall hangings, key rings, pen stands and other
Home decorative.
Coir comes in 2 varieties: Brown and white. Brown coir (from ripe coconut) is less flexible but stronger and used in sacking, upholstery padding. White coir (from unripe coconut) is finer and weaker and used for making fishing nets, strings, and ropes.
Main clusters: Craft is primarily produced in Orissa (Sakhigopal, Puri, Pipli, Bhubaneswar Batamangala and Kendrapara). It is also produced in Kerala (Ernakulam)
Artisans involved:
Theatre, Costumes & Puppet
This craft involves making objects related to the festivals and for use in performing arts. Puppet is one of such crafts, which has a rich tradition in India. There are four types of puppets â?? glove, rod, shadow and string. They are differentiated based on the different ways of manipulation of puppets. These types have further varieties under them.
Main clusters: Puppets from different parts of the country have their own identity. These are produced in several states including Odisha (Kundhei nach, Kathi Kandhe, Ravanachhaya), Karnataka (Gombeyatta, Togalu Gombe-atta), Andhra Pradesh (Tholu Bommalata), Tamil Nadu (Thol Bommalattam, Tolpavaikoothu), Rajasthan (Kathputli), Bihar (Yampuri) and Kerala (Tolpavakoothu, Pava-kathakali)
India is one the leading producers of rugs in the world. Various kinds of rugs produced in India are namda (felted rugs), gabba (embroidered rugs), wooden pile rugs, cotton rugs, etc.
When compared to rugs and carpets, durries are light, often
Reversible, and usually made with cotton. Durries have found daily use in rural villages of India. Different parts of India have localized durrie tradition. The panja durrie is amongst multitude of styles.
Main clusters: Rug production is concentrated in the following regions: Agra, Bhadoi,
Mirpur in UP, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Pan pat in Haryana, and Kashmir in Jammu and Kashmir.
Regions known for durrie making are Pan pat, Bhavani in Tamil Nadu, Navalgund in Karnataka, Warangal in Andhra Pradesh, and Jaisalmer and Barer in Rajasthan.
Artisans involved:
Raw material used: Generally, cotton and wool are used as primary raw material for durrie
Making. Main tool used is a vertical frame composed of two horizontal beams on which the warp is fitted
Pashmina wraps are produced using prevalent quality cashmere fleece. The whole course of making the wrap is completed physically and may try and require as long as 10 days.
Pashmina Wraps
This tremendously well known handiwork in India is delivered in the Kashmir valley and is the exemplification of experienced craftsmanship
Stone carving is an ancient art, in which pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. India produces an exquisite range of artistic and decorative stone crafts. The industry evolved from stone carvings for temples and mosques to utility items like candle stands, incense stick holders, jewellery boxes, etc.
Main clusters: Stone carving clusters are Agra, Bhubaneswar, Puri, Jaisalmer, Cuttack, Cuddapah, Bankura, Kanchipuram, Patna, Mysore, Rajkot, Gwalior, Puducherry, Mahanandi, etc.
History & Origin of Darjeeling Tea
Darjeeling was transferred to the East India Company in 1835, and the Chinese tea variant was deemed suitable for the region in 1841.
Dr. A Campbell was the first person to plant Chinese seeds in Darjeeling that he had brought from Kumaon
Commercial tea plantations in Darjeeling started in the 1850s and 113 plantations were set up by 1874, covering 18,888 acres and accounting for a production of 3.9 million pounds
Traditionally, natural fibres have been used in all cultures for making utilitarian products. Different parts of the plant are used for preparing various handicrafts such as footwear, basketry, mats, chik, bags, lampshades, and boxes. Fibbers can be extracted from the bark (banana, jute, hemp, and ramie), stem (banana, palm, and bamboo), leaf (palm, screw pine, sisal, and agave), husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass (sikki, madhurkati, benakati, munj).
Main clusters: Fiber is found in many states including Maharashtra (sisal), Kerala (palm leaf, korai grass), Tamil Nadu (palm leaf, korai grass), Assam (shitalpatti), Meghalaya (shitalpatti), Bihar (Sikki and Munj grass), etc.
Major centres of this craft are Almora and Dehradun in Uttaranchal, Goa, Ernakulam in Kerala, Kullu in Himachal Pradesh, Midnapur in West Bengal, etc
Turmeric is the most frequently used Indian masala. It is the boiled, dried, cleaned, and polished rhizomes of Curcuma longa. The plant is a herbaceous perennial, 60-90 cm high, with a short stem and tufted leaf. There are 7 to 12 leaves and the leaf sheaths from the pseudostem. The lamina is green above and pale green below and has a length of 30-40 cm and a width of 8-12 cm.
The inflorescence is a central spike of 10-15 cm in length. 1-4 flowers are born in the axil of the bract opening one at a time. About 30 flowers are produced at a peak. Turmeric is used as a masala to flavor and color foodstuffs. It is a principal ingredient in curry powder.
Turmeric oleoresin is used in brine pickles and, to some extent, in mayonnaise and relish formulations, non-alcoholic beverages, gelatins, butter, and cheese, etc. The color curcumin extracted from turmeric is used as a colorant
Woodcarving is an ancient craft practiced in India long before the age of ancient stone sculptural age. It is the artistic practice of shaping and decorating wooden objects into diverse utilitarian and decorative handicrafts items. The most common varieties of wood used for this craft are teak, sal, oak, ebony, mango, sheesham, etc.
Wood carving is a time consuming process. Small items of carved
Wooden handicrafts may take a week to be made. Large items requiring elaborate carving may take few months for their manufacture.
Main clusters: Saharanpur is world famous for its wood carving and is known as
â??Shisham Wood Villageâ?? or â??Wood Cityâ?? of India. Other important
Centres of wood carving in India are Manipur, Bhopal, Nagpur, Chennai, Madurai, Mysore, etc. Kashmir is famous for walnut wood carving.
Artisans involved: Number of artisans involved in some of the clusters are59:
Saharanpur: Over 250 artisans and 15 self-help groups (SHGs) Manipur (Kakching): Over 266 artisans and 17 SHGs
Bhopal (Sheopur Kalan): 300 artisans and 25 SHGs Nagpur (Bhandara): Over 300 artisans and 30 SHGs Khairpadar: Over 529 plus artisans and 25 SHGs
Raw material used: Raw materials used for wood carving are wood, babul Gond (gum),
Potassium permanganate, Chandras (lac grains in acid), harmach powder (for an antique finish), wood preservative, varnish, materials for embossing, fevicol, zinc, colours
