The device is designed and produced with independent intellectual property rights for semi-automatic butt welding the band saw blade through further research and innovation according to years of experience and suggestions from the end users basing on the Saw Blade Welding Machine. The complete set of bandsaw blade butt welding devices includes 1set of Movable Working Table,1set of Bandsaw Blade Cutting Machine,1set of Main Butt Welding Machine and 1set of Welding Seam Grinding Machine. I. AHE-080MM Series Bandsaw Blade Shearing and Cutting Machine 1.Saw Blade Cutting Machine is designed for burr-free,no distortion,square cutting of saw blade ends. 2.Cutter knives are manufactured from special tool steel for long life with multi-blade. 3.Adjustable welding stops for matching the tooth pitch of different kind of bandsaws. 4.Handle clamping jaws for non-slip clamping of strip during cutting process. 5.Various models for different strip widths and cross sections,manually or pneumatically operated,for single or double cutting. II. SMH-060MM Series Bandsaw Blade Welding Seam Grinding Machine 1.Grinding machines for deburring of welding seam with three-phase motor,on or off switch and working height adjustment. 2.Manual excentric clamping device and pneumatically operated clamping device are both available. 3.Infinitely variable grinding speeds by control knob. 4. Additional lever for precise adjustment of grinding head. III.WT-1200KG Series Movable Working Table 1.Movable Table on 4 wheels and easy to move,can fix on the land by lock the wheels. 2.The drawer is used for putting and depositing hand tools or spare parts 3.Can separate into some small parts easily to save the space and convenient for delivery and transportation. 4.Can hold the weight more than 1200KG. BAS-050MM Bandsaw Blade Butt Welder Main Principle and Features Manual clamping,the motor drives the cam to upsetting and butt welding,then annealing manually. 1.Adopt manual clamping handle device and motorized cam mechanism,no need air source and air compressor, convenient to use. 2.Butt Flash is produced by motorized cam disc. 3.Upsetting force is produced by precisely adjustable spring loaded mechanism. 4.Annealing voltage is freely adjustable and Annealing time can be set from 0 to 10 minutes. 5.Automatic pressure relief during annealing process. 6.Basing on producing request,also can install the water cooling system to the basic and key welding electrodes. .Butt Welder Main Technical Parameter Technical Parameters BAS-050MM Rated Power at 50% Rated Duty Cycle 4.5KVA Max Butt Welding Width Wood-cutting Bandsaw Blade 3-50mm Bi-metal Bandsaw Blade 3-42mm Tungsten Alloy Bandsaws Blade 3-42mm Stainless Steel Bandsaw Blade 4-35mm H.S.S Bandsaw blade 4-35mm Band knives for leather and foam 4-50mm Steel Strip 3-50mm Welder Approx.Weight 280KG
Welding Machine for All Kinds of Bandsaw Blades, Band Knives, High Carbon Steel Strip and Lower Carbon Steel Strip. Main Descriptions and Advantages 1. Vertical hydraulic clamping cylinders, much more stable. 2. Pneumatic upsetting cylinder. 3. Automatic Thyristor annealing device with infrared thermometer which can set and control the annealing temperature. Annealing time and voltage is also adjustable. 4. Automatic butt welding and annealing process. 5. Computerized Automatic Welding and Annealing Controlling System which can set the welding current, upsetting force, welding time, and other welding parameters easily. Main Technical Parameters Paramaters and Model BAS 100 Capacity at 50% Duty Cycle 50% 25KVA Metal Bandsaws (Bi-metall,Tungsten) 15-81mm, 0.591 - 3,189 Wood-Cutting Bandsaws 15-100mm, 0.591 3937 Stainless Steel Bandsaws 15-50mm, 0.591 1.969 Bandknives for Leather, Foam 25-800mm ,0.984 3.150 Steel Strip (Ordinary) Max Cross Section 200mm Steel Strip Max Clamping Width 100mm Net / Gross Weight 600KG / 700KG Packing Dimensions (L x W x H) 130X100X175CM
Mijing iRepair MS1 Soldering heating Staion MS1-14 module for Phone 14/14 Plus/14 Pro/14 Pro Max. iRepair MS1 desoldering preheating platform For Phone X-14 Pro Max motherboard CPU IC heating disassembly and glue removal. Feature: 1. iRepair MS1 pre-heating staion for Phone X/XS/XS MAX/11/11Pro/11 Pro Max/12/12 mini/12Pro/12 Pro Max/13/13mini/13 Pro/13 Pro Max/14/14 Plus/14 Pro/14 Pro Max motherboard soldering separating. 2. Mijing iRepair MS1 Multi-function Desoldering Station 3. Newly upgraded heating element, fast heating, precise temperature control 4. Added countdown function, layering and fitting are more secure 5. Phone X -14 Pro Max module + universal module + dot matrix module + follow-up unlimited upgrades. 6. Precise positioning, precise temperature, rapid temperature rise, non-slip weight increase, digital display temperature, intelligent 15 minutes sleep, 183�° three minutes extreme speed rise, fast stratification, safe disassembly, no damage to the motherboard. Brand: Mijing iRepair Name: iRepair MS1 Multifunctional Desoldering Station Packing size: 220*158*50 (mm) MS1 upgrade expansion module Packing size: 114*79*10 (mm)
Fiber laser welding machine is an advanced welding technology which is a perfect replacement of traditional electric welding, MIG and CO2 welding. Laser welding process is to melt the connecting area by a very high-energy and dense beam with a large amount of heat. The single module optical fiber laser source provides consistent and stable power and high quality of laser beam. The laser power range can be adjusted according to actual production needs. This solution guarantees unparalleled application flexibility and high reliability.More info pls see our web: www.topteklaser.com ROLLED OVER TRADITIONAL WELDING IN ALL ASPECTS 1.Faster speed: the welding or cleaning efficiency is 5-10 times higher than traditional welding. 2.Easy operation:No need experienced operator, any green hands can operate it within 30 minutes training. 3.Cost-saving: 80% cost-saving than traditional electric welding, MIG welding, argon arc welding. Less operator, less consumption(gas and consumables etc.) and less working time. For example,if the workload equals 1 experienced operators working in 10 hours, but with the laser welding or cleaning machines, only 1 ordinary being can fix it in 3 hours. 4.Welding seam is almost invisible, and smooth welding surface. 5.Very small deformation on Workpiece. 6.Operation safer. 7.Environmental-friendly welding.
Description Universal Portable SS-S210 110W Smart Soldering Iron With Universal C210 Series Soldering Tips 2 Seconds to Heat up Smart Sensor Sleep Multifunctional Welding Tool. Features: 1. Portable 110W high power C210 series soldering iron tips, say goodbye to long-term preheating. 2. The soldering iron stand is designed for sleep, prolong the life of the heating core, save power and worry. 3. Cleaning copper wire ball and a heating core cleaning hole can also place a replacement soldering iron tip to prevent loss and quickly replace it. 4. Lead-free soldering iron head conducts heat quickly, oxidation resistance, easy to tin. Plug and play, 2 seconds disassembly and replacement, convenient and fast. 5. The soldering iron is widely suitable for various chip-level maintenance, PCB manufacturing, mobile phone motherboard flying lead desoldering, etc. Specification: Brand: SUNSHINE Product name: Portable Soldering Iron Model: S210 Handle size: 195*16*15mm Line length: About 1350mm Soldering: iron holder size: 135*72*83mm Package Size: 207*121*95mm Input voltage: AC100~240V The output voltage: DC 15V Frequency: 50~60HZ Temperature range: 100~450C/212~842F Warming time: 2S Output peak power: 110W Inductive sleep: Yes Display method: LED temperature display Package Included: 1 x Soldering Station Bracket 1 x Soldering Station Handle 1 x Heating Core 1 x Charging Adapter 1 x Copper Wire Ball 1 x Qualification Certificate 1 x User Manual
Phonefix TX001 soldering iron USB charging mini welding pen for PCB motherboard CPU IC solder wire repair. Best handheld electric welding tool TX001 mini soldering iron for professionals and amateurs. Portable Phonefix TX001 electronic soldering iron USB Type-c charging welding tool. TX001 Portable Jump Wire Soldering Iron Replaceable JBC T210 Welding Iron Tip for Mobile Phone PCB Soldering Repair, heating up quickly, 2 seconds up to 380 degrees. quick cooling, automatic sleep, QC Quick Charging Adapter, replacing damaged or unusable iPhone motherboard repair. Option: Package A: basic version, TX001 soldering Iron+C210 Knife Tip. Package B: entry-level version, TX001 Soldering Iron+C210 Knife Tip+66W QC Adapter+USB Cable. Package C: professional version, TX001 soldering Iron +3Pcs C210 Tips (Straight,Knife,Curved)+66W QC Adapter+USB Cable. C210 Soldering Iron Tip: Straight Tip, Knife-shape Tip, Curved Tip. Soldering Handle Color: Red, Blue, Black (Random Color) Features: 1. Small size, easy to carry and use, suitable for soldering jump wire/solder wire on the motherboard. 2. Heating up quickly, 2 seconds up to 380 degrees. Quick cooling, automatic sleep, wake up with a touch, 3-gear adjustable temperature. 3. TYPE-C power supply interface, and charge with power bank or other USB power supply. Voltage 5V-12V, current 1A-5.9A is available! TX001 Portable Jump Wire soldering iron Specification: Model: Portable Jump Wire Soldering Iron TX001. Voltage: 5-12V. Current: 1-5.9A. Temperature: 0-450 degrees (350-400-450 degrees adjustable). Manufacturer: CHINA PHONEFIX - Huimintong. Origin: Shenzhen, China. Features: compact, portable, fast heating-up, quick cooling, automatic sleep, adjustable temperature. USB 210 Soldering Iron Features: 1. Three levels of temperature adjustable(350-400-450 degrees). 2. With status light. 3. Support QC protocol, charging head automatic voltage boost 4. Type-c sockets in a gold-plated process, high current does not generate heat. 5. The heating core clamping shrapnel adopts the same material as the JBC handle. 6. Standard 66W quick charger with QC agreement. 7. Lightweight handle, metal button, one key switch. Working Mode: 1. One key switching, three levels of temperature adjustable. 2. Green light mode 350â??, blue light mode 400â??, red light mode 450, yellow light is at sleep mode. 3. The green, blue and red light stays on shows it's heating. 4. Flashing green-blue-red light indicates that the temperature has reached the set value.
Laser welding machine, laser marking machine, laser cleaning machine, CO2 laser, robot welding mThe company specializes in the production and sales of laser welding machines, laser marking machines, laser cleaning machines, CO2 laser cutting machines, and automatic welding machines. Laser light source, power supply, water tank, fan, all spare parts are sold
Product Description Machine Characteristics 1, Hydraulic drive, high pressure, uniform speed, low noise 2, Can bend one or a plurality of metal wire at one time, high efficiency, uniform angle; 3, Through PLC control, can fold a single horn also can automatically fold polygonal continuity 4, Within the length of customized machine's body, the length of the four edges can be adjusted to fold a quadrilateral with different side length 5, Frame angle can be achieved the most satisfactory results according to the size of the mold and the bent oil cylinder stroke control. 6, Widely used in bending, molding and folding angle with wire (plate), steel wire (plate), aluminum (plate), copper (plate) and other metal materials Main technical parameters: Input voltage 3Phase 380V,50-60Hz Capacity3.75KVA The maximum length of the wire2200mm or customized Minimum bending size170*200mm or customized maximum bending ability6 ½5mm or 6 ½5mm /Q235 Maximum hydraulic pressure7Mpa Equipment size (L*W*H)2150*1200*1150mm
Product description The main principle of flash butt welding: 1. The flash butt process starts when the two workpieces to be welded which are clamped by welding jams still not meet each other. 2. During the subsequence, move the welding jaws together slowly, the welding current density will increase, then the metal material in the gap between the jaws becomes molten, at the same time a�shower of sparks also being emitted. 3. As the cross-sectional area in the welding becomes extremely hot, the motion is accelerated. 4. The flashing also makes the surfaces to welded together totally. 5. Finally the upset occurs at high pressure, the welding current is cut off. Typical applications: 1. All kinds of dinnerware, cooking knives and table knives; 2. Bicycle rim, motorbike rim, car rim, or similar strip rings; 3. Various metal wire and steel strip, construction steel bar and rebar; 4. Round, square and rectangular tubes welding into "l" or "t" shape; 5. Mitre welding of door and window frames. ParameterRated powerRated voltageRated frequencyMax short currentRated duty cycleMax clamping forceMax upsetting forceCooling water requiredAverage weight Over dimensions l*w*h Model no. Un-5050kva380v/420v50/60hz19000a50%4000n2000n150l/h350kg100*90*150cm Un-7575kva380v/420v50/60hz24000a50%6500n3000n150l/h450kg100*90*150cm Un-100100kva380v/420v50/60hz28000a50%6500n3000n150l/h550kg100*90*150cm Un-150150kva380v/420v50/60hz32000a50%8500n4000n300l/h1200kg140*100*170cm Un-200200kva380v/420v50/60hz37000a50%8500n4000n300l/h1400kg140*100*170cm Un-250250kva380v/420v50/60hz45000a50%12000n6000n600l/h1600kg180*120*190cm Un-300300kva380v/420v50/60hz52000a50%12000n6000n600l/h1800kd180*120*190cm
Main Features 1. 1KHZ, 4KHZ, 8KHZ Inverter Frequency, highly precise welding control System. 2. Friendly interface:Welding paremeter adjustment and Welding Process LCD display. 3.Constant Welding Current, Constant Welding Voltage, Constant Welding Power, Welding Pulse Width, four kinds of control mode.� 4. Three-Stage Welding Method, there is the fuction of welding Current Slowly Go Up and Down. 5. Can set Min and Max value for monitoring parameters. 6. The welding source has excellent interface functions and is equipped with RS232 communication connector to accept various weld control inputs. 7. Complete model, wide range of applications and widely used. Main Technical Parameters Model No.KIA-1KAKIA-2KAKIA-3KAKIA-4KAKIA-6KAKIA-10KA Rated Power(KVA)4610121625 Max Output Current1000200030004000600010000 Rated Duty (%)202020101010 Inverter Frequency(KHz)8/48/48/48/4/111 Welding Pulse Quantity333333 Welding Schedule Memory20Group20Group20Group20Group20Group20Group Dimension-L*W*H(mm)435*185*320435*185*320435*185*320460*400*300460*222*345460*222*345 385*200*300385*200*300 Weight(Kg)913131314.517 2829.5333435.539 1.why choose our factory ? Our company has advanced production equipment and strong technology. The producing process is under strict management in quality. Our products are sold around the world and highly thought of since excellent quality and perfect service at home and abroad 2.The advantage for product? High efficiency , energy saving and good quality. 3.The advantage for us ? Reasonable price and best services , advanced equipment and strong technology. 4.How to order? Do not hesitate to contact by online or Email as soon as possible once you are interested in our products. The specific quotation will be offered basing the request dimension and quantity 5. What about the quality? All products according to ISO and National highest standard, also we can offer CE, certificate if necessary. The machine have one year warranty. 6. What payment is available? L/C at sight, or T/T 30% deposits before production and 70% balance to be paid before shipment.
Product Description The Main Principle of Resistance Butt Welder and Main Advantages: 1. AC Resistance Butt Welding is the welding method that the end surfaces of two parts are pressed tightly, and the resistance heat is used to heat up the surfaces to the plasticized status, then the upsetting force quickly press them together more tight again or without applying the upsetting force pressure, just only hold on the welding pressure to complete the welding. 2. Compared to Flash Butt Welding, Resistance Welding is much easily to for worker use and operate, the cost is much lower, welding productivity is also higher. 3. The welded joint is smooth. And the welding burrs are small. 4. The structure is designed compactly which is very easily to be adjusted to weld different parts. The special butt welding control circuits ensure the welding quality. 5. Mainly used for butt welding various metal material with welding section area less than 250mm, such as iron, wires, pipes, etc. Main Technical Parameter: Technical Data Model/ItemRatedPowerMaximumRatedMaximumMaximumExternalWeight capacityinputshortdutyfasteningforgingdimension currentcycleforceforce KVAVHAA%NNmmKg UN1-2525380-50/60110002039001500900 800 1200280 UN1-3535380-50/60150002039001500900 800 1200310 UN1-5050380-50/60190002039001500900 800 1200350 UN1-7575380-50/60235001561002500900 800 1200400 UN1-100100380-50/60260001561002500900 800 1200435 UN1-150150380-50/603100015800030001350 800 16001350 UN1-200200380-50/603500015800030001350 800 16001450
Product description Un3 series copper tube and aluminum tube butt welding machines is one kind of resistance butt welding equipment specially designed for copper tube and aluminum tube inserting method welding, it can replace the high-voltage flash welding machine with lower and old technology. The system adopt programmable logic controller(plc) as the action logic controlling unit; adopt special microcomputer welding controller as the welding process control unit; adopt the high-quality aluminum alloy cylinder and high-precision oil bearings integrated with high-precision lathe lever to make precise machinery actions. It has the reliable welding quality, easy and simple control and adjustment, high productivity, no gas leakage phenomenon, and some other excellences. The computerized controlling box with input voltage and output current constant and balance system can guarantee the machine produce mass weld in the same shape and quality. Basic technical parameters: Power supply380~~480vac /50/60hz Rated capacity50kva-100kva Welding tube diameteraluminum tubes: 4.0-25.05mm +copper tubes: 4.0-25.05mm Clamping cylinder space30mm Horizontal cylinder space5-100mm(adjustable)
Product Description Main Features and Applications: 1. Automatic Argon Arc(Plasma) Straight Seam Welding Machine mainly includes two parts: specially designed Straight Seam Automatic Machinery Part and Standard Welding Source Part 2. According to different welding requirement of various materials , the Automatic Straight Seam Machinery Part can be designed into two kinds : Plate Type pressing Mechanism and Keyboard Type Copper Pressing Mechanism, to get the regular and stable clamping and cooling effect. 3. Standard welding Source Part includes TIG(tungsten inert gas shielded arc welding), MIG(metal inert gas shielded arc welding) MAG(metal active gas arc welding) SAW(submerged arc welding)PAW(plasma arc welding),etc, Automatic Machinery Part can be equipped by the standard welding source manufactured by our company , can also work with other well-known brands of welding power. 4. Automatic Machinery Part is adopted PLC control, DC motor drive has stepless adjustable welding speed and interfaces with any power source . 5. Weld Seam back up design has a groove to form a weld on the bottom of a welded plate and provide consistent gas flow to the back of the weld, to assure the stable gas shield and ensure double-side forming in single side welding. 6. Automatic Straight Seam welding Machine is mainly used for the high quality and low distortion automatic straight welding, such as metallic cylinders and aligned plates made with stainless steel , iron , aluminum and brass, etc. 7. Compared with the traditional manual welding way , high welding efficiency and speed, well welding quality and good consistency. Model:SSW-300SSW-500SSW-800SSW-1000SSW-1200SSW-1500SSW-2000 Input voltge:220V/380V/440V/480V,50/60Hz Max welding length: 320mm 500mm800mm 1000mm1200mm 1500mm2000mm Workpiece diameter:48-800mm60-80076-800mm85-800mm98-800mm115-800mm150-960mm Workpiece thickness:0.3-3mm/ 0.4-3mm Welding Speed:300-2000mm/min
Function: It can be used for root pass, hot pass, fill & capping welding of pipeline, vertical and horizontal welding of tanks. GMAW and FCAW-GS welding processes can be applied. All position welding of various workpieces can be realized if various tracks are applied. Configuration: Welding head, LCD portable panel, control cables, digital welding power source (built-in controller). Features The height of the welding head is lower, which is more suitable for the welding in narrow space such as prefabrication of pipeline in refinery plant and urban pipeline construction. Operated via LCD portable panel, convenient and intuitive, reduce the welder's labor intensity. Built-in welding expert database, corresponding welding parameters can be modified and called according to the access level. Smooth transition of welding parameters in each layer and accurate all position welding can be realized. 4G mobile web, WiFi and QR code scanning interfaces are reserved; it can provide remote technical services and data cloud transmission to facilitate real-time quality management. With welding seam arc tracking function when GMAW with solid wire process is applied. Model A-305 Applicable Pipe Diameter 168 mm Travel Speed 0.1 1.5 m/min Wire Feeding Speed 2.5 16 m/min Number of Section per Group 1 180 Sections Torch Oscillation Width 0 50 mm Torch Oscillation Mode Linear/pendular Torch Vertical Movement 0 50 mm Torch Horizontal Movement 0 50 mm Torch Inclination Angle 45 Weight of Wire Spool 5kg Ambient Temperature 40 55 Altitude 4500m Ingress Protection IP54 Weight 15.8kg Dimensions (LWH) 600mm 350mm 250mm
The complete set of hand held fiber laser welding machine is mainly composed of continuous fiber laser and transmission fiber,Hand held laser welding head,Wire feeding system, chiller, control system and cabinet.It consists of several parts.It has many new ideas based on humanization and work effectiveness in terms of equipment shape, structure and man-machine interface suitable for operation. The equipment adopts integrated design, compact and beautiful structure, with good beam pattern, stable energy, stable performance, reliable use, fast welding speed, wide range of suitable welding, long service life of consumables and consumable parts, etc., while fully considering the equipment In the various parameters of mass production, the key parameters can be adjusted in detail and the data is displayed in a closed loop.
Laser is a new light source, its coherence, monochromaticity, direct and high output power characteristics, which are unmatched by other light sources. Focusing the laser to a point, the power density on the focal plane can reach 105-1013w/cm2. Laser welding uses the excellent direct high power density of the laser beam to work. The laser is generated by the laser, by Flexible fiber optic light Road transmission, after focusing by the focusing lens in the welding head, it acts on the welding seam between the processed materials, and with the assistance of shielding gas (to prevent the material from being oxidized), the material is liquefied to form a specific molten pool, thereby achieving the purpose of welding.
Product Advantage Hand Sustain operation Welding, flexible&convenient,It can be welded in any shape &any angle; The device is small and easy to move. Not only convenient Long distance for large workpieces Welding, also Can outdoor welding; Simple operation, easy to get started, no need for professional welders; â??The welding speed is fast, and the efficiency is more than 5 times that of arc welding; â??The weld seam is beautiful and the deformation is small, saving the cost of subsequent grinding and shaping; Performance characteristics Adapt to welding of various metal materials, Carbon steel, stainless steel, high-strength steel, aluminum, copper and alloy materials The light can be emitted continuously or pulsed, not only for thermal conductivity welding, but also for continuous deep penetration welding. It can realize spot welding, butt welding, stitch welding, sealing welding, seam welding, etc. â??Adopt continuous Fiber laser, excellent beam quality, maintenance-free, photoelectric conversion efficiency is greater than 25%, and the service life of the pump source is greater than 100,000 hours; Fast processing speed; Small thermal deformation and heat affected zone (suitable for processing high melting point, high hardness, special materials); It can process parts with complex shapes and small parts, and can also be processed in vacuum and Robotic arm and other automated institutions Combined, the processing can be automated; Can realize filler wire welding,Due to advanced processing methods, existing product structures and materials can be improved.
BGA Solder Ball Product: Solder Ball Product composition: tin 99.3 copper 0.7 Product size: 13mm 19mm 22mm customizable Product weight: can be customized Solder balls are electrically conductive by using a heating tool to firmly bond two or more metal conductors. Solder balls are a kind of product in solder. Solder balls can be divided into lead solder balls and lead-free solder balls, both of which are used for circuit board soldering. Made of high-purity pure tin, its wettability and fluidity are very good, and it is simple and easy to apply tin. The welded points are bright and full, and there will be no bad virtual welding phenomenon. Adding appropriate antioxidant elements, the antioxidant capacity is greatly improved. Solder balls are mostly used in the processing and production of circuit boards. However, the commonly used solder balls are not uniform in the fusion process of flux and metal, which easily causes metal solution to splash, resulting in short circuit of products, and has a bad impact on the stability of product quality.
Manufacture and Supply of Alumino Thermit Welding Kits for 52kg, 60kg, 60E1, R260, 1080HH, Combination Joint 60Kg/60E1 to R260, 115RE, 54kg, 45kg, 45E1, P43, P65, BS80, BS100, 37kg, CR100, CR120, other Crane rail & Metro rail and many more for private sidings as well as we have capability to develop Kits for other rails, includes Alumino Thermic welding Portion 3-Piece Dry Mould Single Shot Crucible with auto tapping thimble or Multishot crucible Luting sand / luting paste Igniter Also, manufacturer and supply : Welding Equipments and consumables Small track machines (Engine, Battery, Electric, manual) Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD) machines Rail Cutting disc and grinding wheels
Sieve Bend Screen Min. Slot: 0.02mm Slot Tolerance: 0.005mm Screen surface arc angle: 120�°or customized arc Common Size: Slot Range: 0.05mm-50mm Applications: Used for Starch screen, solid-liquid separation; Paper industry curved screen; For White water and fiber recycling etc....
