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One of the most well-known and sought-after byproducts of the refining process of vegetable (mostly sunflower) oil are fatty acids. Fatty acids, an industrial product with a GMP+ certification, are mostly used in the animal formula and feed sector. This is because adding fatty acids or fatty acid-based compounds to an animal feed ration can reduce feed costs. Fatty acids are crushed and processed through a whole cycle. In addition, they are utilized in the manufacturing of soap, glycerin, and stearin, as well as in the food processing industry as a direct formula component. Tocopherols.

1. What is PFAD PFAD stands for Palm Fatty Acid Distillate. It is a processing residue resulting from physical refining of crude palm oil products. At room temperature it is a light brow semi-solid, melting to a brown liquid on heating. Up to 80 percent of PFAD is free fatty acid (FFA), with palmitic acid and oleic acid being the major components. The remaining 20 percent is made up of components including triglycerides, partial glycerides, and vitamin E, sterols and squalene's. 2.How is PFAD used? PFAD is used as a renewable raw material in biofuels production as well as to produce candles, soaps, other oleochemical products, and animal feed. Specific to biofuel production in Europe, the EU allows Member States to account PFAD consumption towards greenhouse gas emissions reductions under its Renewable Energy Directive. The amount of emissions reductions depends on the PFAD technical classification, a residue or co-product, which is up to the individual Member State. To verify the emissions reductions, the EU relies on voluntary certification schemes, such as the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification system. 3.What are the benefits6 of using PFAD Producing renewable fuels using PFAD is good for the climate. It is an efficient way to use waste generated through the palm oil refining process, preventing PFAD from going to literal waste. A by-product that is undesirable from the food industry perspective can be very desirable for other sectors. Neste MY Renewable Diesel7 which is refined from PFAD and other waste and residue materials, such as Used Cooking Oil (UCO), helps to replace crude oil-based diesel in transportation. Using Neste MY Renewable Diesel can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 90 percent on average compared to a diesel-powered vehicle using conventional fossil fuel-based diesel.

Calcium carbonate mud (carb-cake) is pressed, washed, and squeezed under pressure in fully automatic mud presses to reduce its sugar and moisture content, the produced press mud contains around 25% moisture (w/w) as measured by loss on drying (LOD). The resulting mud press looks like aggregates of small gravels thatâ??s composed of microcin sized crystals. The Flow characteristics of such aggregates are very poor and makes it difficult to fill the trailer of disposal truck which requires more journeys to dispose the whole quantity. Below are the physical and chemical properties of the produced wet carbo-cake Main Constituents in (wt%) SiO2 3.82 TiO2 0.03 Al2O3 0.9 Fe2O3 0.38 MgO 0.61 CaO 44.73 Na2O 0.22 K2O 0.2 P2O5 0.4 SO3 0.96 Cl 0.03 LOI at 550C 30 LOI at 1000C 48 Rb2O 0.001 MnO 0.019 NiO 0.005 CuO 0.012 ZnO 0.004 SrO 0.013 Dried Carbo-cake converts it into free-flowing powder with a bulk density of 1.1 and reduced weight in total resulting in reduction moisture to less than 5% and increasing its flowability characteristics Areas of application Concrete ready mix Filler in paper industry Filler in plastic manufacturing Filler in concrete mix to adjust some physical and chemical properties

Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO3. It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 C to release oxygen and leaves sodium chloride. Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications in bleaching pulp to produce high brightness paper. The main commercial use for sodium chlorate is for making chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The largest application of ClO2, which accounts for about 95% of the use of chlorate, is in bleaching of pulp. All other, less important chlorates are derived from sodium chlorate, usually by salt metathesis with the corresponding chloride. All perchlorate compounds are produced industrially by the oxidation of solutions of sodium chlorate by electrolysis.

Paraformaldehyde is a polymer of formaldehyde with the chemical formula (CH2O)n, where n is typically in the range of 8 to 100. It is a white, crystalline solid composed of small, polymeric formaldehyde units. Paraformaldehyde is commonly used as a solid form of formaldehyde, and it has various applications in different fields. Form and Structure: Paraformaldehyde is a low-molecular-weight polymer of formaldehyde, consisting of repeating CH2O units. It is often produced in the form of white, crystalline granules or as a powder. Uses: Fixative in Histology: Paraformaldehyde is commonly used in histology and pathology laboratories as a fixative for preserving biological specimens for microscopic analysis. Disinfectant: It has disinfectant properties and can be used for sterilizing equipment. Crosslinking Agent: Paraformaldehyde is used in the crosslinking of proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids in molecular biology applications. Chemical Synthesis: It serves as a source of formaldehyde in various chemical reactions and syntheses. Handling and Safety: Paraformaldehyde should be handled with care, and precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. When paraformaldehyde is heated, it releases formaldehyde gas, which is a strong irritant. Adequate ventilation and protective equipment should be used when working with paraformaldehyde. Dissolution: To use paraformaldehyde as a fixative or in other applications, it is typically dissolved in water to generate a formaldehyde solution. Storage: Paraformaldehyde should be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat sources and incompatible materials.