Coal Product Description
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon, along with various other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It forms from the remains of ancient plant material that was subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years in a process known as coalification. Coal is widely used as a fossil fuel for energy generation and as a raw material in industrial processes.
Types of Coal
Coal is classified based on its carbon content and energy-producing capability:
Anthracite
Description: The highest grade of coal with the highest carbon content (86-97%).
Characteristics: Hard, glossy, and produces the most heat.
Uses: Industrial and residential heating, metallurgical processes.
Bituminous Coal
Description: Mid-grade coal with a carbon content of 45-86%.
Characteristics: Soft and shiny; high energy content; widely used for power generation.
Uses: Electricity production, cement manufacturing, and steelmaking.
Sub-Bituminous Coal
Description: Lower carbon content (35-45%) and higher moisture content.
Characteristics: Produces less energy and fewer emissions when burned.
Uses: Power generation.
Lignite
Description: The lowest grade of coal with the highest moisture content (up to 45%).
Characteristics: Soft, brown, and produces less energy.
Uses: Power generation, especially in regions where it is locally abundant.
Key Specifications
Calorific Value (Energy Content): Ranges from 3,000 to 8,000 kcal/kg depending on the grade.
Moisture Content: Varies by type, with lignite having the highest and anthracite the lowest.
Ash Content: Residual mineral matter left after combustion, typically 3-40%.
Sulfur Content: Varies from low (<1%) to high (>3%), affecting environmental emissions.
Applications
Power Generation: Used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.
Steel Production: Essential for coke production in blast furnaces.
Cement Manufacturing: Used as a fuel source for kilns.
Residential Heating: Especially anthracite coal for heating homes.
Chemical Industry: As a feedstock for producing chemicals, synthetic fuels, and fertilizers.
Advantages of Coal
Widely available and affordable energy source.
High energy density, especially in bituminous and anthracite grades.
Established infrastructure for mining, transport, and usage.
Environmental Considerations
Coal combustion releases greenhouse gases and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Efforts are underway to mitigate these effects through cleaner technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and coal gasification.
Coal remains a critical resource for energy and industrial processes globally, despite increasing attention to renewable energy sources.
Non-GMO yellow corn is cultivated without genetic modification, ensuring the preservation of its natural genetic makeup. This variety is favored for its rich flavor and versatility in various culinary applications.
Key Characteristics:
Natural Cultivation: Grown using traditional breeding methods, non-GMO yellow corn maintains its original genetic structure, free from laboratory-induced alterations.
Culinary Versatility: Its sweet and nutty flavor makes it suitable for a wide range of dishes, including cornbread, tortillas, muffins, and as a breading for fried foods.
PALMETTO FARMS
Nutritional Value: Rich in essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins (notably B vitamins), and minerals like magnesium and phosphorus, contributing to a balanced diet.
Dietary Considerations: Naturally gluten-free, non-GMO yellow corn is an excellent option for individuals with gluten sensitivities or those following a gluten-free diet.
PALMETTO FARMS
Product Examples:
Organic Golden Yellow Cornmeal: Stone-ground from certified organic, non-GMO golden yellow corn, this medium-fine cornmeal is ideal for cornbread, muffins, and other baked goods.
JANIE'S MILL
Heritage Non-GMO Fine Yellow Corn Meal: Finely ground using traditional stone milling methods, this cornmeal retains the natural flavor and nutritional value of the corn, making it a healthier choice for various recipes.
PALMETTO FARMS
Choosing non-GMO yellow corn products supports traditional agriculture and offers a wholesome, flavorful ingredient for diverse culinary creations.
1. Jet Fuel A1
2. EN 590 Diesel
Jet Fuel A - Product Description
Jet Fuel A is a high-quality aviation turbine fuel specifically formulated for use in jet engines. It is a clear to straw-colored liquid that meets stringent international specifications to ensure safety, efficiency, and reliability in aviation operations.
Key Specifications
Chemical Composition:
A mix of hydrocarbons including paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatic compounds.
Free from additives like dyes or detergents unless specified by regulatory standards.
Freezing Point:
Maximum of -40C (-40F), ensuring reliability in cold temperatures.
Flash Point:
Minimum of 38C (100F), ensuring safety during handling and storage.
Energy Content:
Approximately 42.8 MJ/kg (Mega Joules per kilogram), providing high energy efficiency.
Density:
Ranges between 0.775 to 0.840 kg/L at 15C (59F).
Kinematic Viscosity:
Maximum of 8 mms at -20C (-4F), ensuring good flow characteristics even in low temperatures.
Applications
Commercial Aviation:
Jet Fuel A is the primary fuel used in commercial airlines worldwide for turbofan, turbojet, and turboprop engines.
Military Aviation:
Used for military aircraft that are compatible with civilian-grade fuels.
Industrial Applications:
Occasionally used as a fuel for gas turbines in power generation.
Advantages
High Energy Content:
Provides optimal performance and range for aircraft.
Low Freezing Point:
Allows operations at high altitudes with extremely low temperatures.
EN 590 Diesel - Product Description
EN 590 Diesel is a high-quality automotive fuel that complies with the European standard EN 590, which governs the physical and chemical properties of diesel fuels sold in the European Union and other regions. It is engineered to ensure compatibility with modern diesel engines while maintaining optimal performance and environmental compliance.
Key Specifications
Cetane Number:
Minimum of 51, indicating high ignition quality for efficient combustion.
Sulfur Content:
Ultra-low sulfur content (maximum 10 ppm), complying with stringent emission regulations.
Density:
Ranges from 820 to 845 kg/m�³ at 15�°C, ensuring proper atomization in diesel engines.
Flash Point:
Minimum of 55�°C (131�°F), providing safe handling and storage.
Viscosity:
Between 2.0 and 4.5 mm�²/s at 40�°C, ensuring smooth fuel flow and lubrication.
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP):
Varies by climate zone to ensure flowability in low temperatures:
Summer Diesel: Up to 0C.
Winter Diesel: Down to -20C or lower in cold regions.
Energy Content:
Approximately 42.6 MJ/kg, providing high efficiency and power output.
ICUMSA 45 is a highly refined white sugar known for its exceptional purity and sparkling white appearance. The term "ICUMSA" stands for the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, which sets global standards for sugar quality. An ICUMSA rating of 45 indicates a very low level of impurities, making this sugar suitable for a wide range of food and beverage applications.
Key Specifications:
Polarization: Minimum of 99.80%, indicating high sucrose content.
Moisture Content: Maximum of 0.04% by weight, ensuring the sugar remains dry and free-flowing.
Ash Content: Maximum of 0.04% by weight, reflecting low mineral residue.
Color: Sparkling white, with an ICUMSA rating of 45 RBU (Reflectance Basis Units).
Solubility: 100% dry and free-flowing, ensuring easy dissolution.
Granulation: Fine to medium crystal grain, suitable for various culinary uses.
Magnetic Particles: Maximum of 4 mg/kg, indicating minimal metallic contamination.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO�¢??): Maximum of 20 mg/kg, ensuring low levels of sulfur compounds.
Reducing Sugars: Maximum of 0.05% by weight, indicating minimal presence of sugars that can cause browning.
Radiation: Within internationally accepted limits, free from harmful levels of radiation.
Sediments: None, ensuring a clean product.
Odor: Free from any odor, indicating freshness and purity.
These specifications make ICUMSA 45 sugar ideal for human consumption and versatile in various food products, including beverages, baked goods, and confectioneries. Its high level of refinement ensures the removal of bacteria and contaminants commonly found in raw sugars, contributing to its safety and widespread demand.
