Fenton advanced oxidation technology is widely used in the treatment of refractory organic wastewater. Because it produces strong oxidizing OH (hydroxyl radical), which can rapidly oxidize and decompose the complex organic pollutant molecules, so its application is wide. The efficiency of Fenton oxidation mainly depends on the yield of �·OH (hydroxyl radical). The more and higher concentration, the higher removal rate of organic pollutants. According to the theory of free radical pairs,free radicals are always emerge in pairs.In some cases free radicals recombine,which reduces OH and reduces reaction efficiency. The recombination can only occur between "singlet state" free radical pairs.When there is no "singlet state" free radical that it cannot recombine,free radical reaction can only performed outside the cage. With the effect of an external magnetic field, the probability of the single state form is less,and the radical pair recombination is less. This facilitates higher reaction efficiency. We modified Fenton reagent technology by using the reaction in a certain strength magnetic field. 1. Reaction rate is doubled.Magnetized Fenton reagent advanced oxidation technology emerges higher rate .OH.The reaction is faster,HRT is shorter,and equipment footprint is smaller. 2. Higher COD removal rate.Magnetic Fenton reaction has 10% more COD removal rate. 3. Less chemical consumption.Magnetic field can reduce the recombination of free radicals,which indirectly reduces chemical consumption. 4. After sewage is magnetized, the physical and chemical properties will change to a certain extent,such as pH,viscosity,diffusion coefficient, surface tension,electrical conductivity, etc., which can affect the process of dissolution, crystallization, polymerization, wetting,agglomeration, solidification, and precipitation. And the metabolic processes of biological systems also have effect.Magnetic field also has an obvious memory effect on water.It changes the physical and chemical properties of the sewage and weakens the cage effect of the solution, which facilitates the out-of-cage reaction reduces the probability of recombination of free radicals, and also facilitates the smooth progress of the reaction.
OST Photonics offers various functional crystal materials for laser systems, optical equipment and instruments. Crystals are divided into six types according to their functions: laser crystals (diffusion bonding crystals, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Yb:YAG, CTH:YAG, Nd:Ce:YAG, Nd:YVO4, Nd:GdVO4, Nd:YLF, Pr:YLF, Ho:YLF, Tm:YLF, Ti:Sapphire, Er:Yb: Glass), nonlinear crystals (KDP & DKDP), KTP, LiNbO3, LBO, BBO, BIBO), passive Q-switch crystals (Cr4+:YAG, Co2+:MgAl2O4), birefringent crystals (YVO4, �±-BBO), Magneto-optic Crystals (TGG) and optical crystals (BaF2, CaF2, MgF2, LiF, Germanium single crystal, Sapphire (Al2O3), YAG, ZnSe, Silicon single crystal, ZnS). If you want to know more about our functional crystals, please do not hesitate to contact OST Photonics. What are Functional Crystals? A wide range of functional crystal materials is used in various optical applications. While optical glass is commonly used as a transparent material, different functional crystal materials, primarily monocrystalline materials, are required for diverse applications due to their unique functionalities: In contrast to glass, birefringent crystals can exhibit birefringence, which is a requirement for various types of polarizers, wave plates, birefringent tuners, and other optical components. Commonly used birefringent crystal materials include YVO4, �±-BBO, quartz, calcite and sapphire. The lattice symmetry of a crystal material is not too high (such as a triangular, quadrilateral, or single prism), and it can exhibit nonlinearity. Nonlinear crystals are primarily used for nonlinear frequency conversion but also find applications in optical modulators like the Pokel cell. A wide variety of functional crystal materials can be used as laser crystals, serving as host materials for laser-active dopants (rare earth ions or transition metal ions). They typically exhibit relatively high transition cross sections, small gain bandwidth, and good heat conduction compared to laser-active glasses. In general, they also allow for higher doping concentrations. In some cases, functional crystal materials are used in spectral regions where glass does not have a wide enough wavelength range and high transmittance. In particular, various materials such as zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe) and Sapphire (Al2O3) are used as infrared crystals, and other materials such as lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) are used as ultraviolet crystals. Some functional crystal materials, such as terbium gallium garnet (TGG), exhibit the Faraday effect (polarization rotation caused by magnetic fields), and they can be utilized in devices like Faraday rotators and Faraday isolators.
