Oregano - scientifically named Origanum vulgare by Carolus Linnaeus – is a common species of Origanum, a genus of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to warm-temperate western and south western Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80 cm tall, with opposite leaves 1- 4 cm long. The flowers are purple, 3–4 mm long, produced in erect spikes. It is sometimes called Wild Marjoram, and its close relative O. majoramum is then known as "Sweet Marjoram". Uses Culinary Dried oregano for culinary use. Oregano growing in a field. Oregano is an important culinary herb. It is particularly widely used in Turkish, Greek, Portuguese, Spanish, Latin American, and Italian cuisine. It is the leaves that are used in cooking, and the dried herb is often more flavourful than the fresh. [2] Oregano [3] is often used in tomato sauces, fried vegetables, and grilled meat. Together with basil, it contributes much to the distinctive character of many Italian dishes. It is commonly used by local chefs in southern Philippines when boiling carabao or cow meat to eliminate the odor of the meat, and to add a nice, spicy flavor. Oregano combines nicely with pickled olives, capers, and lovage leaves. Unlike most Italian herbs, [citation needed] oregano works with hot and spicy food, which is popular in southern Italy. Oregano is an indispensable ingredient in Greek cuisine. Oregano adds flavor to Greek salad and is usually added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that accompanies many fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles. In Turkish Cuisine, oregano is mostly used for flavoring meat, especially for mutton and lamb. In barbecue and kebab restaurants, it can be usually found on table, together with paprika, salt and pepper. Oregano growing in a pot. It has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. It varies in intensity; good quality oregano is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavor. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is greater than the difference between the various species. The related species Origanum onites (Greece, Turkey) and O. heracleoticum (Italy, Balkan Peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavors. A closely related plant is marjoram from Turkey, which, however, differs significantly in taste, because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavor intermediate between oregano and marjoram.
Sweet marjoram: Origanum (O) hortensis (orMajoranahortensis). Potmarjoram: O.onites Wildmajoram: O.vulgare. Syrian majoram is called zatar Family: Labiatae or Lamiaceae (mint family). In Europe, marjoram was a traditional symbol of youth and romantic love. Used by Romans as an aphrodisiac, it was used to cast love spells and was worn at weddings as a sign of happiness during the middle Ages. Greeks who wore marjoram wreaths at weddings called it “joy of the mountains.” It was used to brew beer before hops was discovered, and flavored a wine called hippocras. A cousin of the oregano family, marjoram originated in Mediterranean regions and is now a commonly used spice in many parts of Europe. Called zatar in the Middle east and often mistaken for oregano, it is also a popular spicing in Eastern Europe. Origin and Varieties Marjoram is indigenous to northern Africa and southwest Asia. It is cultivated around the Mediterranean, in England, Central and Eastern Europe, South America, the United States, and India. Description Marjoram leaf is used fresh, as whole or chopped, and dried whole or broken, and ground. The flowering tops and seeds, which are not as strong as the leaves, are also used as flavorings. Sweet marjoram is a small and oval-shaped leaf. It is light green with a greyish tint. Marjoram is fresh, spicy, bitter, and slightly pungent with camphor like notes. It has the fragrant herbaceous and delicate, sweet aroma of thyme and sweet basil. Pot marjoram is bitter and less sweet. Chemical Components Sweet marjoram has 0.3% to 1% essential oil, mostly monoterpenes. It is yellowish to dark greenish brown in color. It mainly consists of cis-sabinene hydrate (8% to 40%), -terpinene (10%), a-terpinene (7.6%), linalyl acetate (2.2%), terpinen 4-ol (18% to 48%), myrcene (1.0%), linalool (9% to 39%), -cymene (3.2%), caryophyllene (2.6%), and a-terpineol (7.6%). Its flavor varies widely depending on its origins. The Indian and Turkish sweet marjorams have more d-linalool, caryophyllene, carvacrol, and eugenol. Its oleoresin is dark green, and 2.5 lb. are equivalent to 100 lb. of freshly ground marjoram. Marjoram contains calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and niacin. Culinary uses of Marjoram Marjoram is typically used in European cooking and is added to fish sauces, clam chowder, butter-based sauces, salads, tomato-based sauces, vinegar, mushroom sauces, and eggplant. In Germany, marjoram is called the “sausage herb” and is used with thyme and other spices in different types of sausages. It is usually added at the end of cooking to retain its delicate flavor or as a garnish. It goes well with vegetables including cabbages, potatoes, and beans. The seeds are used to flavor confectionary and meat products.
1 141-78-6 Ethyl acetate 2 79-20-9 Methyl Acetate 3 123-86-4 Butyl acetate 4 108-32-7 Propylene carbonate 5 75-12-7 Formamide 6 127-19-5 N,N-dimethylacetamide 7 872-50-4 N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 8 26171-83-5 1,2-butanediol 9 504-63-2 1,3-Propanediol 10 26761-45-5 2,3-Epoxypropyl neodecanoate 11 57-55-6 Propylene Glycol 12 108-94-1 Cyclohexanone 13 95-47-6 o-xylene 14 2238-07-5 Diglycidyl ether 15 122-60-1 Phenyl glycidyl ether 16 34590-94-8 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 17 110-54-3 Hexane 18 109-99-9 Tetrahydrofuran 19 75-09-2 Dichloromethane 20 110-82-7 Cyclohexane
Pipe fittings are the general names of parts and components that play the role of connection, control, direction change, diversion, sealing and support in the pipeline system. Steel fittings are pressure fittings. According to the different processing technology, it is divided into four categories, namely, butt welding pipe fittings (divided into weld and no weld), socket welding and threaded pipe fittings, flange pipe fittings. According to the application: 1. pipe fittings for connecting pipes are: flanges, live joints, pipe hoops, clamps, clamps, throat hoops, etc. 2. changing the direction of the pipe: bends, bends. 3. pipe fittings changing pipe diameter: variable diameter (different diameter pipe), different diameter elbow, branch pipe table, reinforcing pipe. 4. pipe fittings with additional piping branches: three links, four links. 5. pipe fittings for pipe sealing: gasket, raw material belt, thread, flange blind plate, pipe plug, blind plate, head, welding plug. 6. pipe fittings for pipe fixing: clasp, hook, ring, bracket, bracket, pipe clamp, etc. According to the connection :1, welded pipe fittings 2, threaded pipe fittings 3, clamping pipe fittings 4, clamping pipe fittings 5, socket pipe fittings 6, rubber ring connection pipe fittings According to the material divided into 1, cast steel pipe fittings 2, forged steel pipe fittings 3, alloy pipe fittings 4, stainless steel pipe fittings. Pipe fittings are widely used in municipal, petrochemical, west-to-east gas transmission, ships and nuclear power.
AINiCo is composed primarily of Aluminum Nickel Cobalt and also Copper and Titanium. They are manufactured through either casting or sintering process. Cast AINiCo may be manufactured in complex shapes such as horseshoes not possible with other magnet materials. Sintered AINiCo offer slightly lower magnetic properties but better mechanical characteristics. it can be efficiently magnetized in any direction, and for anisotropic AINiComagnet, it generally has greater magnetic capacitive in a preferred orientation than isotropic types. AINiCo is hard and brittle, Machining or drilling cannot therefore be accomplished by ordinary methods. Holes are usually cored in at the foundry, and magnets are cast close to final size and then finish machined to closer tolerances. â?¢ Advantages of AlNiCo Magnet: 1.Customized designs are available. 2.Max working temperature can be as high as 550�°C. 3.Disadvantage: Br and BH(max)are not as high as rare earth magnet. 4.High energies and relatively low coercivity. 5.High magnetic flux density; low mold charge stable temperature properties; easy to shap.
Chemical name:Magnesium nitrate Molecular formula:Mg(NO3)2.6H2O Molecular weight:256.40 Property:soluble in water,liquid ammonia, methanol and ethanol.Stable at room temperature, the relative density of 1.461, higher than the melting point of 95�°C off the water to generate alkaline magnesium nitrate, heated to 300�°C begins to decompose above 400�°C to completely decompose into magnesium oxide and Nitrogen oxide gas. Quality standard: Item Indicator Industrial grade Agriculture grade Magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O) â?¥98.0% â?¥98.0% PH value â?¥4 --- Heavy metal â?¤0.002 --- Water insoluble â?¤0.05% â?¤0.1% Iron â?¤0.001% --- Magnesium oxide content(CaO) --- â?¥15% Nitrogen content(N) --- â?¥10.7% Use:Concentrated nitric acid for industrial de-water agent, manufacture of explosives, catalysts and other magnesium salts and nitrates catalyst raw materials, wheat ashing agent.Used in agriculture, magnesium soluble fertilizer for soilless culture. Packing:25/50KGlined with plastic bag and exterior is woven bagPacking or according to customers requirements. 1.Purity 98% white granule 2.Used for fertilizer or industrial material 3.Export Asia/Europe 4.ISO9001
Commodity:Avobenzone CAS No. 70356-09-1 Molecular Formula C20H22O3 Molecular Weigh 310.39 EINEC No. 274-581-6 Specification Quality standard: USP36 Appearance Off-white powder Assay 95.0-105.0% Melting range 81.0~86.0 Impurities Any individual impurity: 3.0% The sum of all of the impurities: 4.5% Loss on drying 0.5% Packaging and storage: 1kg/aluminum foil bag. 25kg/barrel, pharmaceutical packaging barrel. Sealed, stored in dark, with a shelf life of 2 years. Reference dosage: The hygiene standards for cosmetics stipulate that the maximum amount added shall not exceed 5%, and the general dosage is 1-4%. Usage: Sunscreen agent-1789 is the most effective fat soluble UVA filter and is a safe and effective UVA sunscreen approved by the US FDA for sale on the counter. It can effectively block UVA, thereby increasing the SPF value of sunscreen products. It can improve the efficacy of sunscreen products when used in combination with UVB filters, and BL-200 has the best effect when used in combination with octyl methoxycinnamate. BL-200 can increase its stability in the product. It has an extremely effective protective and repairing effect on human skin. Application: This product is soluble in oil and can be formulated into a cream using the usual method. However, the product turns red when it encounters metal ions, so other components such as formula water should not introduce metal ions. The equipment should be made of pure stainless steel, and an appropriate amount of EDTA-2Na should be added to the formula water phase to chelate with metal ions.
1. Berry copper wire scrap conforming to ISRI standards/specs. 2. Minimum order quantity: 200 Metric tons. The seller can offer 1000MT - 2000MT per month / per shipment on a long term basis ( for quantities greater than the above mentioned, please write to us in detail ) 3. Origin of scrap wire ( either S.A / Europe / Russia ) seller's option. 4. SOP: Letter of Intent with Bank Confirmation letter from the Buyer (trading companies). If the buyer-importer is end-user/consumer, BCL is not required but due to manufacturing licence/end products' details and other information as required before the execution of a contract. 5. Price $5500pmt CFR one safe port 6. Delivery/shipment - shall be provided after the receipt of LoI with BCL and due diligence. 7. Payment terms by Irrevocable, confirmed Letter of credit from first-class/internationally recognized bank
TYPES 1 Cement 42.5 N CEM II/A-L Bulk 2 Cement 42.5 R CEM II/A-L Bulk 3 Cement 42.5 N CEM II/A-L Big Bag 1.5MT 4 Cement 42.5 R CEM II/A-L Big Bag 1.5MT 5 Cement 42.5 N CEM II/A-L NA 442 Bag 50Kg BUNDLED 2,2 MT per pallet 6 Cement 42.5 N CEM II/A-L NA 442 Bag 25kg BUNDLED 2,15 MT per pallet 7 Cement 42.5 N-LH/SR5 CEM I Bulk 8 Cement 42.5 N-LH/SR5 CEM I Bag 9 Cement 52.5 CEM I Bulk 10 Cement 52.5 CEM I Bag Below present our general procedures for the purchase and sale of sugar of Brazilian origin: 1- Buyer issues a Letter of Intention (LOI) addressed to Seller; 2- Seller issues a Soft Corporate Offer (SCO); 3- If Buyer accepts SCO, signs and seals SCO and then sends to Seller; 4- Seller issues Full Corporate Offer (FCO); 5- Buyer signs and seals FCO and issues an Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order (ICPO), addressed to Seller; 6- Seller issues draft of Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) to be discussed and commented; 7- SPA is signed by Seller and Buyer; 8- Buyer issues draft of the Payment Instrument (SBLC/DLC) for approval by Seller�´s Bank; 9- If Seller�´s Bank accepts, Buyer issues the bank guarantee (SBLC/DLC); 10- Seller issues Performance Bond (PB) 2%; 11- Seller prepares the product and export documents; 12- Buyer receives the export documents by mail; 13- Buyer makes payment 100% to Seller ´s Bank through transfer bank (Swift Message MT-103); 14- Shipping; 15- Seller sends the original export documents to Buyer; Please contact for full specs on quantities, delivery terms, etc... NOTES: The financial instrument (SBLC / DLC) must be issued by the Top 50 Bank in the world ranking.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ELEMENTS CaO% MgO% SiO2% Al2O3% TFe% MnO% Cr2O3% P2O5% S% MIN 24.00 3.50 10.00 2.00 11.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.05 MAX 49.00 25.00 28.00 12.00 36.00 2.50 0.80 0.42 0.20 TYPICAL 39.20 12.20 16.80 4.60 21.70 1.25 0.12 0.28 0.12 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE ASPECT Agglomerate materials COLOR Gray blackish color CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR The basicity of the slag is normally fixed by the amount of lime and calcinated dolomite added, the silicon and aluminum levels of the hot metal and steel scrap charged as well as ferro-alloys. Below present our general procedures for the purchase and sale of sugar of Brazilian origin: 1- Buyer issues a Letter of Intention (LOI) addressed to Seller; 2- Seller issues a Soft Corporate Offer (SCO); 3- If Buyer accepts SCO, signs and seals SCO and then sends to Seller; 4- Seller issues Full Corporate Offer (FCO); 5- Buyer signs and seals FCO and issues an Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order (ICPO), addressed to Seller; 6- Seller issues draft of Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) to be discussed and commented; 7- SPA is signed by Seller and Buyer; 8- Buyer issues draft of the Payment Instrument (SBLC/DLC) for approval by Seller�´s Bank; 9- If Seller�´s Bank accepts, Buyer issues the bank guarantee (SBLC/DLC); 10- Seller issues Performance Bond (PB) 2%; 11- Seller prepares the product and export documents; 12- Buyer receives the export documents by mail; 13- Buyer makes payment 100% to Seller�´s Bank through transfer bank (Swift Message MT-103); 14- Shipping; 15- Seller sends the original export documents to Buyer; NOTES: The financial instrument (SBLC / DLC) must be issued by the Top 50 Bank in the world ranking.
Origin: Binh Thuan province, Vietnam Preservation process: Freeze Dried. Type: Red and White flesh. Taste: Crispy, sweet. Shelf life: 12 months. Min order: 1,000 kg. Quantity capacity: 30 tons/month. Packaging: Aluminum bag of 50 g NW then in 10 kg carton. 1x20'fcl = 3-4 mt, label as buyerâ??s requirement. Price: please contact for updated price. Payment & delivery: L/C at sight or T/T 30% in advance. Lead time: 3 weeks/ 1*20'FCL.
WE HAVE THE SUGAR IF YOU CAN LIVE WITH OUR TERMS BELOW. WE HAVE MADE AND ARE CURRENTLY MAKING DELIVERIES UNDER THESE TERMS. We, below present our general procedures for the purchase and sale of sugar of Brazilian origin: 1- Buyer issues a Letter of Intention (LOI) addressed to Seller; 2- Seller issues a Soft Corporate Offer (SCO); 3- If Buyer accepts SCO, signs and seals SCO and then sends to Seller; 4- Seller issues Full Corporate Offer (FCO); 5- Buyer signs and seals FCO and issues an Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order (ICPO), addressed to Seller; 6- Seller issues draft of Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) to be discussed and commented; 7- SPA is signed by Seller and Buyer; 8- Buyer issues draft of the Payment Instrument (SBLC/DLC) for approval by Seller�´s Bank; 9- If Seller�´s Bank accepts, Buyer issues the bank guarantee (SBLC/DLC); 10- Seller issues Performance Bond (PB) 2%; 11- Seller prepares the product and export documents; 12- Buyer receives the export documents by mail; 13- Buyer makes payment 100% to Seller�´s Bank through transfer bank (Swift Message MT-103); 14- Shipping; 15- Seller sends the original export documents to Buyer; NOTES: The financial instrument (SBLC / DLC) must be issued by the Top 50 Bank in the world ranking. The issuance of a financial instrument (SBLC / DLC) can be replaced by a 30% guarantee deposit that will be applied in the last delivery of the contract (in the case of 12-month programs) or in the settlement of the single payment in the case of spot sales. This procedure applies to SPOT sales and 12-month Programs. MINIMUM SPOT ORDER IS 12,500 MT, NO EXCEPTIONS https://raargroupusa.com/icumsa-45-sugar We do offer container loads and spot orders of a minimum of 12,500 ton. We need to know your target price and delivery location in order to quote. Please send us your Target Price if you are serious.
EcoTexTM-SL20 - PVA FREE ONE-SHOT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION New generation eco-friendly one-shot product for a high-speed shuttleless loom. It is mainly used for 6 to 203 cotton yarns sizing. This product is entirely biodegradable and ecological. Products are made from grafted starch, anionic polymers, and synthetic fatty matters. It contains a maximum of 13% moisture and an optimized viscosity level. Easily disperse in cold water with little swelling property due to high binding property. Having high penetration power and plasticizing power for heavy construction fabrics weaving. SPECIFICATIONS 1.Appearance - Off white powder 2.pH value of 5% solution - 6 to 8 3.Solubility - Partially soluble in cold water 4.Viscosity of size mix - 5 to 6 sec (SITRA -6mm cup) 5.Total Moisture - Max 13% 6.Bulk density - 0.5 to 0.6 g/ml 7.Total ash - Max4% COOKING METHOD 1. Fill the required quantity of water in the cooker. 2. Gradually add EcoTexTM-SL20 and mix for 2 min. 3. Add other ingredients and mix for 2 min. 4. Close the pressure cooker lid. 5. Open the steam value and cook to @ 120�? �ºC or 35psi. 6. Retain in the cooker for 15 to 20 minutes. 7. Then transfer the size mix to storage. PROPERTIES 1. Moisture regain: The formation of thin flexible film absorbs water molecules from atmospheric air that maintains the required moisture content of the sized yarn. This property improves the weaving efficiency by reducing the warp stops. 2. Film property: The very thin strong film gives the inter fibre penetration that improves yarn tensile strength. Optimum elongation and flexible property significantly reduce warp break by overcoming the applied tension during weaving. 3. Abrasion resistance: A strong film withstands the mechanical friction between yarn to yarn and yarn to machine parts like reed, dropper pin, heald wire, and weft picking element. DE-SIZING Easily de-sizable product with hot alkali treatment. STORAGE Keep away from direct sunlight and store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place. STABILITY Stable for one year from the date of manufacture. PACKING Available in 50Kg net weight PP bags with moisture-proof liner inside.
Commodity Refrigerated Anhydrous Ammonia ORIGIN: Algeria Manufacturer Algerian National Company PACKING Bulk Refrigerated -33C ANNUAL CAPACITY 360,000 MT/year Pleased contact us directly for price, shipping quantity, etc... Below present our general procedures for the purchase and sale of sugar of Brazilian origin: 1- Buyer issues a Letter of Intention (LOI) addressed to Seller; 2- Seller issues a Soft Corporate Offer (SCO); 3- If Buyer accepts SCO, signs and seals SCO and then sends to Seller; 4- Seller issues Full Corporate Offer (FCO); 5- Buyer signs and seals FCO and issues an Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order (ICPO), addressed to Seller; 6- Seller issues draft of Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) to be discussed and commented; 7- SPA is signed by Seller and Buyer; 8- Buyer issues draft of the Payment Instrument (SBLC/DLC) for approval by Seller�?�´s Bank; 9- If Seller�?�´s Bank accepts, Buyer issues the bank guarantee (SBLC/DLC); 10- Seller issues Performance Bond (PB) 2%; 11- Seller prepares the product and export documents; 12- Buyer receives the export documents by mail; 13- Buyer makes payment 100% to Seller's Bank through transfer bank (Swift Message MT-103); 14- Shipping; 15- Seller sends the original export documents to Buyer; NOTES: The financial instrument (SBLC / DLC) must be issued by the Top 50 Bank in the world ranking.
Fuel /medical /food ethanol /alcohol process machine,ethanol/alcohol production line/process plant ,ethanol /alcohol equipment ,ethanol/alcohol distillation machine ,ethanol /alcohol turnkey project 1. It is a turn key whole set equipment, simple equipment, less worker, less area, less cost. 2. Can produce 1000L-1000000L 96%-99.9% alcohol(ethanol) per day. 3. Can use Corn, wheat, cassava, molasses, rice, potato, date, beetroot, sugar cane ect which contains starch or sugar material. 4. We can do the turn key system or section part. 5. Can improve and rebuild old alcohol(ethanol) production plant. You can choose single distill tower to save money, also can choose 5 distill column to get good quality alcohol(ethanol). DDGS; Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. We make many kinds alcohol equipments. Medical ethanol ,fuel ethanol and DDGS high protein feed Complete equipment ,medical ethanol in China, being regarded as national high-tech enterprise, star enterprise, standing commissioner of the National Alcohol Association, national demonstration unit of both quality and credibility assurance, national enterprise in designing and manufacturing class-I, class-II, class-III pressure vessel. We are capable to design, manufacture, install and adjust 1500t-500000t alcohol complete equipment on alcohol producing equipment and DDGS complete equipment, winning the National Science & Technology Progress Award many times. We are the first choice of clients at home and abroad. Material of alcohol equipment is corn, tapioca, potato, and other amyloid plants; Sirup, sugarcane, sugary jowar. We can also design for you according to your requirements. We have a lot of commercial partners in Europe, America and Southeast Asia because of our advanced technology and reliability and reasonable price Alcohol equipment, ethanol equipment, fuel ethanol equipment, dehydration alcohol ethanol equipment Distillation columns
Manufacture Ethanol/Alcohol process machine plant ,ethanol/alcohol process line /production line ,turkey project for ethanol/alcohol production line ,ethanol /alcohol equipment,ethanol /alcohol distillation machine ,dehydration ethanol/alcohol process machine . 1. It is a turn key whole set equipment, simple equipment, less worker, less area, less cost. 2. Can produce 1000L-1000000L 96%-99.9% alcohol(ethanol) per day. 3. Can use Corn, wheat, cassava, molasses, rice, potato, date, beetroot, sugar cane ect which contains starch or sugar material. 4. We can do the turn key system or section part. 5. Can improve and rebuild old alcohol(ethanol) production line. You can choose single distill tower to save money, also can choose 5 distill column to get good quality alcohol(ethanol). DDGS; Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. We make many kinds alcohol equipments. Medical ethanol ,fuel ethanol and DDGS high protein feed Complete equipment ,medical ethanol in China, being regarded as national high-tech enterprise, star enterprise, standing commissioner of the National Alcohol Association, national demonstration unit of both quality and credibility assurance, national enterprise in designing and manufacturing class-I, class-II, class-III pressure vessel. We are capable to design, manufacture, install and adjust 1500t-500000t alcohol complete equipment on alcohol producing equipment and DDGS complete equipment, winning the National Science & Technology Progress Award many times. We are the first choice of clients at home and abroad. Material of alcohol equipment is corn, tapioca, potato, and other amyloid plants; Sirup, sugarcane, sugary jowar. We can also design for you according to your requirements. We have a lot of commercial partners in Europe, America and Southeast Asia because of our advanced technology and reliability and reasonable cost Alcohol equipment, ethanol equipment, fuel ethanol equipment, dehydration alcohol ethanol equipment Distillation columns