Aviation Jet Fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colourless to straw coloured in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A1, which are produced to a standardised international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Aviation Jet Fuel is commonly referred to as JP54. However, this is the wrong terminology as there is no such grade of Jet Fuel. Jet A and Jet A1 are what refineries offer. Aviation Jet fuel Gas is what powers turbine aircraft engines. Worldwide, Jet Fuel is the most used low Sulphur content Kerosene. For instance, Colonial JP54 is similar to Jet A except the energy is 18.4 mj/Kg compared to the 42.8 MJ/kg of Jet A. Most importantly there is also a slight difference in additives. Aviation Jet Fuel B is used for its extremely cold weather performance. However, aviation Jet fuel Bs lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle. For this reason, it is rarely used except in very cold climates. A blend of approximately 30% Kerosene and 70% Gasoline. Because of its very low freezing point (60 C (76 F), it is known as a wide cut fuel and has a low flash point as well. Aviation Jet Fuel B is primarily used in some military aircraft. In Canada, it is also used because of its freezing point. Aviation Kerosene standards are published as GOST10227-86. The standard consists of different properties. It separates paraffin and gasoline in the refinery. Military organisations around the world use a different classification system of JP (for Jet Propellant) numbers. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives. For instance, Jet A1 is similar to JP 8, Jet B is similar to JP 4. Military fuels are highly specialised products and are developed for very specific applications. Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha type. Kerosene type fuels include Jet A, Jet A1, JP 5 and JP 8. Naphthatype jet fuels, sometimes referred to as wide cut Jet Fuel, including Jet B and JP 4.
The Orion Bus Industries Orion VII NEW GENERATION HYBRID DIESELLITIUM_ION is a low floor transit bus that was Build in Canada and the United States by NEWFLYER INDUSTRIES restyled Orion VII NG was introduced in 2009 It features updated front and rear fascias and flushmounted windows Coincident with the introduction of EPA 2007 compliant engines a restyled Orion VII was introduced in 2007 It features updated front and rear fascias and flushmounted windows The new model called the Orion VII Next Generation replaced the traditional Orion VII the Orion VII is not fully low floor and has a step up at the rear section of the bus This compensates for the space lost to the rear wheels on the Orion VI The buss structure was built from either carbon steel or stainless steel and clad with fibre glass and aluminum panels The Orion VII NG is available in a desielelectric hybrid The engine Build by CUMMINS USA On hybrid models the engine is placed transversely at the rear right side of the bus and is connected to the electric generator to the left Dieselpowered models use a 125 gallon 473 litre fuel tank placed under the high floor The Orion VII was available in a conventional diesel dieselelectric hybrid or compressed natural gas CNG drivetrain The engine is mounted longitudinally at the rear in a Tdrive arrangement for conventional diesel and CNGpowered models On hybrid models the engine is placed transversely at the rear right side of the bus and is connected to the electric generator to the left Dieselpowered models use a 125 gallon 473 litre fuel tank placed under the high floor Features Engine 59liter Cummins ISB diesel engine Generator 120 kW permanent magnet generator Electric motor 320 peak hp electric motor Batteries 46 leadacid aircooled batteries Control system Optimizes performance for emissions fuel economy and power Transmission No traditional transmission Propulsion system BAE Systems HybriDrive series diesel Diesel particulate filter Removes particles from the exhaust Benefits Lower emissions than conventional diesel buses Higher fuel economy than conventional diesel buses Quicker acceleration and Improved overall operating costs per mile
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High performance and highly efficient combustion engine helps suppress PM generation. The combination of advanced technologies, such as regenerative DPF and BlueTec exhaust after-treatment system (urea SCR), achieves a high level of both fuel efficiency and environmental performance, with reduced CO2 emissions. In addition to 4WD, a low-floor makes it easy to get on and off. The Rosa with cold weather specifications such as a 10kw pre-heater standard.