Gross Calorific Value (GCV) KWh/Nm3 11.131-12.647 LNG Density Kg/m3 430-478 Molecular Weight Kg/Kmol 16.52 - 18.88 Methane % mol 85.0 min 97.0 max LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas, which is natural gas that has been cooled to a very low temperature (-162°C or -260°F) and condensed into a liquid state. The process of liquefaction reduces the volume of natural gas by around 600 times, making it easier and more cost-effective to transport and store, particularly over long distances. LNG is odorless, colorless, and non-toxic. It is typically transported in specialized cryogenic tanker ships, and upon reaching its destination, it can be regasified back into its gaseous state for distribution through pipelines to consumers. LNG is used for a variety of purposes, including heating and electricity generation in residential, commercial, and industrial settings, as well as fuel for transportation, particularly in heavy-duty vehicles like trucks, ships, and buses.
Propane: 85% min. by liquid volume Propylene: 5% max. by liquid volume Butane & heavier HC: 2.5% max. by liquid volume Sulfur: 120 ppm max. by weight LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas, also known as propane or butane. It is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is commonly used as fuel for heating and cooking in homes, as well as for industrial applications, transportation, and agriculture. LPG is a byproduct of crude oil refining and natural gas processing. It is a mixture of propane and butane gases, which are liquefied through pressurization and cooling. LPG is stored and transported in pressurized tanks and cylinders as a liquid, but when released into the atmosphere, it vaporizes into a gas. LPG is a versatile fuel that has many advantages over other fossil fuels. It is clean-burning and produces fewer emissions than gasoline or diesel, making it a more environmentally friendly fuel option. It is also highly efficient, as it has a high energy content per unit volume, and can be easily transported and stored in liquid form. LPG is widely used around the world, particularly in areas where natural gas pipelines are not available or where electricity is unreliable or expensive. It is commonly used in households for cooking and heating, and in vehicles as an alternative fuel to gasoline or diesel. LPG is also used in industrial applications such as manufacturing, agriculture, and chemical processing.
Crude oil, often simply called "crude," is an unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. It is a liquid found underground that can be refined to produce various fuels, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, as well as other products like plastics and chemicals. Classification: Based on its specific gravity (API gravity) and sulfur content, crude oil can be classified into: Light or Heavy: Determined by its API gravity with light crude oil being less dense and, therefore, more valuable than heavy crude oil. Sweet or Sour: Based on its sulfur content. Sweet crude has less than 0.5% sulfur, while sour crude has a higher sulfur content. Physical Characteristics: Color varies from yellow to black. Viscosity can range from water-like to thick and tar-like. Distinctive odor, often pungent. Applications: Fuel Production: Main source for gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and jet fuel after refining. Petrochemicals: Base for manufacturing chemicals, plastics, synthetic materials, and more. Lubricants: Processed to produce motor oil, grease, and other lubricating products. Asphalt: Used in road construction. Storage & Handling: Crude oil is typically stored in large tanks or transported in pipelines, tankers, or rail cars. Proper care is needed during transportation to prevent spills and environmental contamination. Note: Crude oil's quality and characteristics can vary widely based on its geographical origin and the conditions under which it was formed. Before refining or using, a detailed analysis is usually performed to understand its composition and how best to process or utilize it.
Jet Fuel A1 is a specialized type of kerosene designed for use in aircraft powered by gasturbine engines It meets stringent international specifications ensuring optimal performance and safety for aviation applications Primary Characteristics Appearance Clear to strawcolored liquid Odor Characteristic petroleum or kerosene odor Density Typically around 080 kgl at 15C Flash Point Minimum of 38C 100F Freezing Point Maximum of 47C 53F Specifications Jet Fuel A1 adheres to the stringent international standards set by organizations like ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials and DEF STAN UKs Defence Standard Applications Civil Aviation Preferred fuel for commercial airlines and most civil aircraft Military While some military aircraft use Jet Fuel A1 others might utilize specialized fuel blends Advantages Stability Resistant to thermal breakdown ensuring safe operations in hightemperature environments like jet engines Purity Contains minimal contaminants reducing the risk of engine deposits Low Freezing Point Suitable for highaltitude flying where temperatures can be extremely cold
Gasoil, often referred to as diesel oil or simply diesel, is a middle distillate derived from the crude oil refining process. It possesses properties between those of lighter fuels like gasoline and heavier fuels like lubricating oil. Gasoil is used as both a fuel and a processing element in various industries. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Clear to slightly hazy, ranging in color from light straw to amber. Odor: Characteristic petroleum smell. Density: Varies based on specific grade and blend but generally denser than gasoline. Cetane Number: Indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition. Specifications: Gasoilâ??s quality and classification often adhere to standards set by organizations such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) or equivalent regional standards. Variations include Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), Low Sulfur Diesel, and others. Applications: Automotive: Fuel for diesel-engine vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and cars. Industrial: Used in various industrial machines and engines, including generators. Marine: Fuel for certain types of marine vessels. Heating: Used in some regions as heating oil for homes and businesses. Power Generation: Fuel for diesel-powered electricity generators. Advantages: Energy Dense: Provides more energy per gallon compared to gasoline, leading to longer fuel economy in diesel engines. Efficient: Diesel engines often convert fuel to energy more efficiently than their gasoline counterparts. Reliable: Known for its durability and reliability in heavy-duty applications.
Light Cycle Oil (LCO) is a secondary liquid product derived from the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in refineries. This process breaks down larger hydrocarbon molecules from heavy gas oils into smaller, more valuable products like gasoline and diesel. LCO typically sits between diesel and heavy gas oil in terms of boiling range and weight. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Typically amber to dark brown liquid. Odor: Characteristic petroleum smell. Density: Intermediate, falling between lighter distillates and heavier oils. Sulfur Content: Can vary based on the feedstock and refining process, but often higher than diesel and gasoline. Applications: Blending Component: Frequently blended into diesel fuel to enhance volume, though this requires treating to meet emissions standards. Feedstock: Used in hydrocracking and other refining processes to produce more valuable products, such as gasoline or diesel. Industrial Burning: Some industries utilize LCO as a combustion fuel, though this is less common due to its higher sulfur content and potential emissions. Advantages: Versatility: Can be further processed or blended to meet various fuel product needs. Economic Value: Provides an additional stream of revenue from the FCC process, maximizing the yield of a refinery. Feedstock Potential: Offers refineries another option for producing lighter, more desirable products.
Furnace oil, also known as fuel oil or heating oil, is a heavy petroleum-based product primarily used in industrial furnaces and boilers to generate heat. It's a residual product obtained after refining crude oil, making it one of the heavier products from the distillation process. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Viscous liquid, typically dark brown or black. Odor: Distinctive petroleum-based aroma. Density: Heavier compared to light distillates like gasoline and diesel. Sulfur Content: Can vary, but certain grades have a high sulfur content. Specifications: The quality and grade of furnace oil are often specified by standards such as ISO or regional standards. It's typically classified by its viscosity and sulfur content. Applications: Industrial Heating: Used in large furnaces, kilns, and boilers in various industries. Power Generation: Some power plants operate on furnace oil, especially during peak demand or when other fuels are unavailable. Marine: Older ships and certain marine vessels use furnace oil as a bunker fuel. Advantages: Cost-Effective: Often cheaper than other fuel types, especially in regions with abundant refineries. High Energy Content: Its dense nature means it carries a significant amount of energy per unit. Availability: Commonly available due to the vast global crude oil refining processes.
Bitumen, often referred to as asphalt, is a viscous, black, and sticky substance. It is a semi-solid form of petroleum and is primarily used as a binder in road construction. When mixed with aggregates, it forms asphalt concrete, the material commonly used for paving roads. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Thick, black to dark brown substance. Temperature Sensitivity: Becomes liquid when heated and returns to a semi-solid state upon cooling. Water Resistance: Acts as a waterproofing agent, making it ideal for various sealing applications. Adhesion: Excellent adhesive properties, allowing it to bind aggregates together effectively. Grades & Types: Bitumen comes in various grades, primarily determined by its viscosity and penetration value. Common types include: Paving Grade Bitumen: Used in road construction. Oxidized Bitumen: Produced by air blowing and has stiffer properties. Cutback Bitumen: Bitumen diluted with solvents to reduce viscosity for specific applications. Modified Bitumen: Bitumen altered with polymers to enhance its properties. Applications: Road Construction: Mainly used as a binder mixed with aggregates to pave roads. Roofing: Used as a waterproofing agent in roofing felts. Dams & Reservoirs: Acts as a waterproofing membrane. Soundproofing: Used in soundproofing materials due to its insulating properties. Advantages: Durability: Offers a long-lasting paving solution, able to withstand various weather conditions. Cost-effective: Provides a reliable and economical material for large-scale infrastructure projects. Recyclable: Old bituminous roads can be reprocessed to produce new roads.
Sulphur is a bright yellow naturally occurring element with the symbol S and atomic number 16 Its a versatile and essential material used in various industrial applications due to its reactive and unique properties Primary Characteristics Appearance Bright yellow crystalline solid in its elemental form Odor Typically odorless but when burned it produces a characteristic rotten egg smell due to the formation of sulphur dioxide Solubility Insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulphide and other nonpolar solvents Melting Point 11521C 23938F Forms Grades Sulphur can be found in various forms and grades including Elemental Sulphur Typically extracted from natural gas and oil Agricultural Sulphur Finegrade sulphur used in agriculture to adjust soil pH Pharmaceutical Grade Ultrapure sulphur for medical applications Applications Chemical Industry Key ingredient in the manufacture of sulphuric acid the most widely produced industrial chemical Agriculture Used as a soil conditioner and as a component in certain fertilizers Pharmaceuticals An ingredient in some skin treatments particularly for conditions like acne and dandruff Rubber Industry Used in vulcanization a process that hardens rubber Pulp Paper Industry Used in the Kraft process to break down wood components Advantages Essential for Life An important element for all living cells playing a crucial role in the functionality of vitamins enzymes and amino acids Industrial Utility Forms the backbone of numerous chemical reactions and processes Environmental Role Used in flue gas desulphurization to reduce sulphur emissions from power plants Note When procuring or using sulphur its essential to specify the desired grade or form to ensure suitability for the intended application
Petcoke, also known as petroleum coke, is a carbon-rich solid material that is produced during the refining of crude oil. The specifications of petcoke can vary depending on the type and source of crude oil, as well as the processing method used to produce it. However, here are some of the general specifications for petcoke: - Carbon content: Typically ranges from 85% to 95% - Sulfur content: Can range from less than 1% to over 7% - Moisture content: Typically less than 5% - Ash content: Can range from less than 1% to over 10% - Volatile matter: Can range from less than 5% to over 20% - Size: Can range from a fine powder to large chunks Petcoke is primarily used as a fuel source in industrial processes, such as cement manufacturing, power generation, and steel production. It is a cheaper alternative to coal, and its high carbon content makes it an effective fuel for energy-intensive processes. However, its high sulfur content can contribute to air pollution and acid rain, so it is often subject to emissions regulations. Petcoke is also used in the production of anodes for the aluminum smelting industry, as well as in the production of graphite electrodes for the steel industry. In addition, it is sometimes used as a source of carbon in the production of certain chemicals and materials.
Brown Sugar VHP (Very High Polarization) 600-1200 is a type of raw sugar that has undergone a special refining process to remove impurities and moisture. Here are some of the general specifications for Brown Sugar VHP 600-1200: Polarization: 99.2 degrees minimum Moisture content: 0.06% maximum Ash content: 0.15% maximum Color: Brown Granulation: Fine to medium grain size Smell: Typical of brown sugar Solubility: 98% minimum Sulphur dioxide (SO2) content: 15 PPM maximum Brown Sugar VHP 600-1200 is commonly used in the food industry as a sweetener in a variety of products, including baked goods, confectionery, and beverages. Its high polarization level means that it contains a high percentage of sucrose, which makes it a popular choice for industrial use. The VHP refining process removes impurities and moisture, which improves the shelf life and stability of the sugar, making it easier to store and transport. In addition to its use as a food ingredient, Brown Sugar VHP 600-1200 can also be used in the production of ethanol, as a feedstock for fermentation. It can also be used as a source of energy in some industrial processes, such as the production of paper and pulp.
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Moisture 13% max Fat: Minimum 2 to maximum 2.5% Proteins: 8% min. (N x 6.25 of dry matter) Crude fibres: 0.8% max. Granularity: 100% through 1mm sieve. 50% max. through 0.3mm sieve Corn, also known as maize, is a widely grown cereal grain and one of the most important agricultural products in the world. Corn is a member of the grass family and is native to the Americas, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years. Today, it is grown in many countries around the world, with the United States, China, and Brazil being the top producers. Corn is used for a variety of purposes, including human consumption, animal feed, and industrial applications. In human consumption, corn can be eaten whole or ground into cornmeal, which is used to make many different foods such as tortillas, cornbread, and polenta. It is also used as a key ingredient in many processed foods, such as breakfast cereals, snacks, and soft drinks. In animal feed, corn is used as a high-energy and protein-rich ingredient in livestock diets, particularly for poultry, swine, and cattle. Corn is also used as a source of starch for the production of biofuels such as ethanol. Corn plants typically grow to be around six feet tall and produce ears of corn, which contain the kernels that are harvested for consumption or processing. There are many different varieties of corn, each with different characteristics such as color, sweetness, and starch content.
Urea N46% is a common nitrogen fertilizer that is widely used in agriculture. The specifications of Urea N46% can vary depending on the producer and the country of origin, but some of the general specifications are as follows: Nitrogen content (N): 46% minimum Biuret content: 1% maximum Moisture content: 0.5% maximum Granulometry: 90% of particles shall pass through 2.80mm sieve and be retained on 1.00mm sieve. Color: Pure white Free ammonia: 160 PXT PPM maximum Melting point: 132-135 degrees Celsius Radiation: Non-radioactive Physical state: Solid pH: 7.5-8.0 It's important to note that these specifications are general and may vary slightly depending on the producer or the region of origin. The specifications of Urea N46% are important to ensure that it is of high quality and safe for use in agricultural applications. Urea N46% is primarily used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture. Nitrogen is a key element in plant growth, and urea N46% is a highly concentrated source of nitrogen. When applied to soil, it is converted into ammonium, which can be taken up by plant roots. Urea N46% is used on a wide variety of crops, including corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, and many others. It is commonly used in both conventional and organic farming practices to promote healthy plant growth and increase crop yields. The use of urea N46% can help to increase protein content in crops such as wheat, barley, and oats. In addition to its use as a fertilizer, urea N46% is also used in the production of animal feed, where it is added to increase the protein content of the feed. It is also used in the production of some plastics, resins, and adhesives. Overall, urea N46% is a versatile product that is widely used in agriculture and other industries due to its high nitrogen content and easy availability.
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