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Sulphur is a bright yellow naturally occurring element with the symbol S and atomic number 16 Its a versatile and essential material used in various industrial applications due to its reactive and unique properties Primary Characteristics Appearance Bright yellow crystalline solid in its elemental form Odor Typically odorless but when burned it produces a characteristic rotten egg smell due to the formation of sulphur dioxide Solubility Insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulphide and other nonpolar solvents Melting Point 11521C 23938F Forms Grades Sulphur can be found in various forms and grades including Elemental Sulphur Typically extracted from natural gas and oil Agricultural Sulphur Finegrade sulphur used in agriculture to adjust soil pH Pharmaceutical Grade Ultrapure sulphur for medical applications Applications Chemical Industry Key ingredient in the manufacture of sulphuric acid the most widely produced industrial chemical Agriculture Used as a soil conditioner and as a component in certain fertilizers Pharmaceuticals An ingredient in some skin treatments particularly for conditions like acne and dandruff Rubber Industry Used in vulcanization a process that hardens rubber Pulp Paper Industry Used in the Kraft process to break down wood components Advantages Essential for Life An important element for all living cells playing a crucial role in the functionality of vitamins enzymes and amino acids Industrial Utility Forms the backbone of numerous chemical reactions and processes Environmental Role Used in flue gas desulphurization to reduce sulphur emissions from power plants Note When procuring or using sulphur its essential to specify the desired grade or form to ensure suitability for the intended application

Jet Fuel A1 is a specialized type of kerosene designed for use in aircraft powered by gasturbine engines It meets stringent international specifications ensuring optimal performance and safety for aviation applications Primary Characteristics Appearance Clear to strawcolored liquid Odor Characteristic petroleum or kerosene odor Density Typically around 080 kgl at 15C Flash Point Minimum of 38C 100F Freezing Point Maximum of 47C 53F Specifications Jet Fuel A1 adheres to the stringent international standards set by organizations like ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials and DEF STAN UKs Defence Standard Applications Civil Aviation Preferred fuel for commercial airlines and most civil aircraft Military While some military aircraft use Jet Fuel A1 others might utilize specialized fuel blends Advantages Stability Resistant to thermal breakdown ensuring safe operations in hightemperature environments like jet engines Purity Contains minimal contaminants reducing the risk of engine deposits Low Freezing Point Suitable for highaltitude flying where temperatures can be extremely cold

Furnace oil, also known as fuel oil or heating oil, is a heavy petroleum-based product primarily used in industrial furnaces and boilers to generate heat. It's a residual product obtained after refining crude oil, making it one of the heavier products from the distillation process. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Viscous liquid, typically dark brown or black. Odor: Distinctive petroleum-based aroma. Density: Heavier compared to light distillates like gasoline and diesel. Sulfur Content: Can vary, but certain grades have a high sulfur content. Specifications: The quality and grade of furnace oil are often specified by standards such as ISO or regional standards. It's typically classified by its viscosity and sulfur content. Applications: Industrial Heating: Used in large furnaces, kilns, and boilers in various industries. Power Generation: Some power plants operate on furnace oil, especially during peak demand or when other fuels are unavailable. Marine: Older ships and certain marine vessels use furnace oil as a bunker fuel. Advantages: Cost-Effective: Often cheaper than other fuel types, especially in regions with abundant refineries. High Energy Content: Its dense nature means it carries a significant amount of energy per unit. Availability: Commonly available due to the vast global crude oil refining processes.

Bitumen, often referred to as asphalt, is a viscous, black, and sticky substance. It is a semi-solid form of petroleum and is primarily used as a binder in road construction. When mixed with aggregates, it forms asphalt concrete, the material commonly used for paving roads. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Thick, black to dark brown substance. Temperature Sensitivity: Becomes liquid when heated and returns to a semi-solid state upon cooling. Water Resistance: Acts as a waterproofing agent, making it ideal for various sealing applications. Adhesion: Excellent adhesive properties, allowing it to bind aggregates together effectively. Grades & Types: Bitumen comes in various grades, primarily determined by its viscosity and penetration value. Common types include: Paving Grade Bitumen: Used in road construction. Oxidized Bitumen: Produced by air blowing and has stiffer properties. Cutback Bitumen: Bitumen diluted with solvents to reduce viscosity for specific applications. Modified Bitumen: Bitumen altered with polymers to enhance its properties. Applications: Road Construction: Mainly used as a binder mixed with aggregates to pave roads. Roofing: Used as a waterproofing agent in roofing felts. Dams & Reservoirs: Acts as a waterproofing membrane. Soundproofing: Used in soundproofing materials due to its insulating properties. Advantages: Durability: Offers a long-lasting paving solution, able to withstand various weather conditions. Cost-effective: Provides a reliable and economical material for large-scale infrastructure projects. Recyclable: Old bituminous roads can be reprocessed to produce new roads.

Light Cycle Oil (LCO) is a secondary liquid product derived from the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in refineries. This process breaks down larger hydrocarbon molecules from heavy gas oils into smaller, more valuable products like gasoline and diesel. LCO typically sits between diesel and heavy gas oil in terms of boiling range and weight. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Typically amber to dark brown liquid. Odor: Characteristic petroleum smell. Density: Intermediate, falling between lighter distillates and heavier oils. Sulfur Content: Can vary based on the feedstock and refining process, but often higher than diesel and gasoline. Applications: Blending Component: Frequently blended into diesel fuel to enhance volume, though this requires treating to meet emissions standards. Feedstock: Used in hydrocracking and other refining processes to produce more valuable products, such as gasoline or diesel. Industrial Burning: Some industries utilize LCO as a combustion fuel, though this is less common due to its higher sulfur content and potential emissions. Advantages: Versatility: Can be further processed or blended to meet various fuel product needs. Economic Value: Provides an additional stream of revenue from the FCC process, maximizing the yield of a refinery. Feedstock Potential: Offers refineries another option for producing lighter, more desirable products.

Gasoil, often referred to as diesel oil or simply diesel, is a middle distillate derived from the crude oil refining process. It possesses properties between those of lighter fuels like gasoline and heavier fuels like lubricating oil. Gasoil is used as both a fuel and a processing element in various industries. Primary Characteristics: Appearance: Clear to slightly hazy, ranging in color from light straw to amber. Odor: Characteristic petroleum smell. Density: Varies based on specific grade and blend but generally denser than gasoline. Cetane Number: Indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition. Specifications: Gasoilâ??s quality and classification often adhere to standards set by organizations such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) or equivalent regional standards. Variations include Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), Low Sulfur Diesel, and others. Applications: Automotive: Fuel for diesel-engine vehicles, such as trucks, buses, and cars. Industrial: Used in various industrial machines and engines, including generators. Marine: Fuel for certain types of marine vessels. Heating: Used in some regions as heating oil for homes and businesses. Power Generation: Fuel for diesel-powered electricity generators. Advantages: Energy Dense: Provides more energy per gallon compared to gasoline, leading to longer fuel economy in diesel engines. Efficient: Diesel engines often convert fuel to energy more efficiently than their gasoline counterparts. Reliable: Known for its durability and reliability in heavy-duty applications.

Crude oil, often simply called "crude," is an unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. It is a liquid found underground that can be refined to produce various fuels, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, as well as other products like plastics and chemicals. Classification: Based on its specific gravity (API gravity) and sulfur content, crude oil can be classified into: Light or Heavy: Determined by its API gravity with light crude oil being less dense and, therefore, more valuable than heavy crude oil. Sweet or Sour: Based on its sulfur content. Sweet crude has less than 0.5% sulfur, while sour crude has a higher sulfur content. Physical Characteristics: Color varies from yellow to black. Viscosity can range from water-like to thick and tar-like. Distinctive odor, often pungent. Applications: Fuel Production: Main source for gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and jet fuel after refining. Petrochemicals: Base for manufacturing chemicals, plastics, synthetic materials, and more. Lubricants: Processed to produce motor oil, grease, and other lubricating products. Asphalt: Used in road construction. Storage & Handling: Crude oil is typically stored in large tanks or transported in pipelines, tankers, or rail cars. Proper care is needed during transportation to prevent spills and environmental contamination. Note: Crude oil's quality and characteristics can vary widely based on its geographical origin and the conditions under which it was formed. Before refining or using, a detailed analysis is usually performed to understand its composition and how best to process or utilize it.

Gross Calorific Value (GCV) KWh/Nm3 11.131-12.647 LNG Density Kg/m3 430-478 Molecular Weight Kg/Kmol 16.52 - 18.88 Methane % mol 85.0 min 97.0 max LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas, which is natural gas that has been cooled to a very low temperature (-162°C or -260°F) and condensed into a liquid state. The process of liquefaction reduces the volume of natural gas by around 600 times, making it easier and more cost-effective to transport and store, particularly over long distances. LNG is odorless, colorless, and non-toxic. It is typically transported in specialized cryogenic tanker ships, and upon reaching its destination, it can be regasified back into its gaseous state for distribution through pipelines to consumers. LNG is used for a variety of purposes, including heating and electricity generation in residential, commercial, and industrial settings, as well as fuel for transportation, particularly in heavy-duty vehicles like trucks, ships, and buses.

Propane: 85% min. by liquid volume Propylene: 5% max. by liquid volume Butane & heavier HC: 2.5% max. by liquid volume Sulfur: 120 ppm max. by weight LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas, also known as propane or butane. It is a flammable hydrocarbon gas that is commonly used as fuel for heating and cooking in homes, as well as for industrial applications, transportation, and agriculture. LPG is a byproduct of crude oil refining and natural gas processing. It is a mixture of propane and butane gases, which are liquefied through pressurization and cooling. LPG is stored and transported in pressurized tanks and cylinders as a liquid, but when released into the atmosphere, it vaporizes into a gas. LPG is a versatile fuel that has many advantages over other fossil fuels. It is clean-burning and produces fewer emissions than gasoline or diesel, making it a more environmentally friendly fuel option. It is also highly efficient, as it has a high energy content per unit volume, and can be easily transported and stored in liquid form. LPG is widely used around the world, particularly in areas where natural gas pipelines are not available or where electricity is unreliable or expensive. It is commonly used in households for cooking and heating, and in vehicles as an alternative fuel to gasoline or diesel. LPG is also used in industrial applications such as manufacturing, agriculture, and chemical processing.

Diesel EN590 10 PPM is a type of diesel fuel that meets the European standard EN590 for automotive diesel oil The 10 PPM designation refers to the maximum allowable sulfur content in the fuel which is 10 parts per million ppm or less Here are some of the specifications for Diesel EN590 10 PPM Density at 15 C 820845 kgm Flash point minimum 55 C Cetane number minimum 51 Sulfur content maximum 10 ppm Distillation range 90 distilled at 360370 C Cold filter plugging point maximum 5 C Appearance Clear and bright free from visible sediment and water Diesel EN590 10 PPM is primarily used as a fuel for diesel engines in automobiles trucks buses and other vehicles It is designed to meet the stringent emissions standards in Europe and other regions which require lower levels of sulfur and other pollutants in diesel fuel The use of lowsulfur diesel fuels like EN590 10 PPM can help to reduce air pollution and improve air quality as well as reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases