Bitumen is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties and is commonly used in the construction industry, notably for roads and highways. Production occurs through distillation, which removes lighter crude oil components like gasoline and diesel, leaving the heavier bitumen behind. Bitumen deposits can also occur naturally at the bottom of ancient lakes, where prehistoric organisms have decayed and been subjected to heat and pressure. Wholesale Bitumen
Liquified Petroleum Gas also referred to as Liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas) is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane, propylene, butylene, isobutane, and n-butane. LPG is a versatile and clean-burning fuel used for a variety of purposes such as; heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehivles for transportation. With its high energy content and low carbon emissions, LPG has become an increasingly popular choice for businesses and individuals around the world. We sell Oil and Gas Products Diesel gas d2 gost 305-82 Liquified natural gas Liquified petroleum gas Ultra -low sulphur diesel ( EN590) Light cycle oil Petroleum coke Eastern Siberia-pacific ocean oil ( espo) Jet fuel A1 Mazut Aviation fuel A-1 & Jp54 Bitumen Base oil Diammonium phosphate Naphtha Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel EN590,DIESEL D2,DIESEL VIRGIN OIL D6
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to a liquid state, at about -260 Fahrenheit, for shipping and storage. The volume of natural gas in its liquid state is about 600 times smaller than its volume in its gaseous state. Liquefied natural gas primarily consists of methane (approximately 95% composition). The process of deep refrigeration (approximately -162oC) is used to liquefy natural gas into LNG, making it easier to store and transfer to the point of use. In various regions of the world, LNG is currently recognized as a clean and environmentally friendly fuel, widely utilized. We sell Oil and Gas Products Diesel gas d2 gost 305-82 Liquified natural gas Liquified petroleum gas Ultra -low sulphur diesel ( EN590) Light cycle oil Petroleum coke Eastern Siberia-pacific ocean oil ( espo) Jet fuel A1 Mazut Aviation fuel A-1 & Jp54 Bitumen Base oil Diammonium phosphate Naphtha Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel EN590,DIESEL D2,DIESEL VIRGIN OIL D6
Coal tar pitch, a kind of artificial pitch, is generally viscous liquid, semi-solid or solid. It is black and shiny. In the process of coal tar processing, the residue after the liquid fraction is removed by distillation is called coal tar pitch. Coal tar pitch is the main component of coal tar, accounting for 50%~60% of the total amount. Generally, it is believed that its main components are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives.The specific composition of the compounds is complex,and the difference of raw coal types and processing technology will also lead to the difference of components, The current method is mainly based on the softening temperature.
Asphalt bitumen is mainly used as basic construction materials, raw materials and fuels, and its application scope is such as transportation (road, railway, aviation, etc.), construction industry, agriculture, water conservancy engineering, industry (mining industry, manufacturing industry), civil and other departments.
WE can offer Vaccum Gas Oil directly from refinery at competitive prices.
* Quantity MIN 50,000MT x 12 months * Origin: Russian Federation Specifications: Standard Export Quality. * Payment: By MT103/760 * Price/Commissions: Final price to Buyer is the Gross, including all commissions. Commissions * payment is then made by Seller, who carries out all commissions transfers. * Contract: 12 Months with possible rollovers. * Inspection: SGS or similar * CIF DLC or SBLC PROCEDURE 1. Buyer issues ICPO, company registration, I.D. and Top World Bank redacted Bank Statement or equivalent 2. Seller issues Sales and Purchase Agreement (SPA). 3. Buyer signs and returns SPA. 4. Buyer's Bank issues a RWA letter to guarantee to issue an instrument on behalf of the Buyer within three working days after receiving the following PPOP. 5. Seller issues PPOP to Buyer including the following: A. Copy of license to export issued by the Department of the Ministry of Energy. B. Copy of approval to export issued by the Department of Ministry of Justice. C. Copy of statement of availability of the product. D. Copy of the refinery commitment to produce the product. E. Copy of contract to transport the product to port F. Copy of the port storage agreement G. Copy of the charter party agreements to transport the product to the discharge port. H. Tank Storage Receipt (TSR) I. Q & Q by Current SGS report. 6. Buyer's bank issues operative Letter of Credit DLC MT 700 or SBLC MT-760 to Seller's fiduciary Bank account. 7. Seller issues 2% Performance Bond to Buyers bank. 8. Shipment Commences 9. On getting to Buyer's port of discharge, the Buyer's inspection team board the vessel and perform an inspection. Buyer sends SGS report to Seller. 10. Seller provides shipping document and a master commercial invoice to Buyer, within 3 banking days, Buyer makes the payment in full via MT 103/TT to Seller's Bank account.
* Quantity MIN 50,000MT x 12 months * Origin: Russian Federation Specifications: Standard Export Quality. * Payment: By MT103/760 * Price/Commissions: Final price to Buyer is the Gross, including all commissions. Commissions * payment is then made by Seller, who carries out all commissions transfers. * Contract: 12 Months with possible rollovers. * Inspection: SGS or similar * CIF DLC or SBLC PROCEDURE 1. Buyer issues ICPO, company registration, I.D. and Top World Bank redacted Bank Statement or equivalent 2. Seller issues Sales and Purchase Agreement (SPA). 3. Buyer signs and returns SPA. 4. Buyer's Bank issues a RWA letter to guarantee to issue an instrument on behalf of the Buyer within three working days after receiving the following PPOP. 5. Seller issues PPOP to Buyer including the following: A. Copy of license to export issued by the Department of the Ministry of Energy. B. Copy of approval to export issued by the Department of Ministry of Justice. C. Copy of statement of availability of the product. D. Copy of the refinery commitment to produce the product. E. Copy of contract to transport the product to port F. Copy of the port storage agreement G. Copy of the charter party agreements to transport the product to the discharge port. H. Tank Storage Receipt (TSR) I. Q & Q by Current SGS report. 6. Buyer's bank issues operative Letter of Credit DLC MT 700 or SBLC MT-760 to Seller's fiduciary Bank account. 7. Seller issues 2% Performance Bond to Buyers bank. 8. Shipment Commences 9. On getting to Buyer's port of discharge, the Buyer's inspection team board the vessel and perform an inspection. Buyer sends SGS report to Seller. 10. Seller provides shipping document and a master commercial invoice to Buyer, within 3 banking days, Buyer makes the payment in full via MT 103/TT to Seller's Bank account.
RCS 002 BITUMEN EMOLUSION ( BITUMEN PRIMER ) RCS 001 BITUMEN ( BITUMEN PRIMER ) RCS 003 BITUMEN RUBBER SOLUTION WATERPROOFING RCS 004 SBS RUBBER BASED ELASTROMETRIC LIQUID MEMBRANE RCS120 BRB ANTI ROOT ELASTIC BITUMEN LIQUID MEMBRANE RCS ECO RUBBER BASED LIQUID BITUMEN MEMBRANE RCS 1C RUBBER MODIFIED , WATER BASED ELASTROMETRIC BITUMEN MEMBRANE SCS 2C RUBBER BASED , CEMENT AND FIBRE MODIFIED 2 COMPONENT BITUMEN MEMBRANE
seller Bitumen 40/50 (This grade is harder, with a penetration between 40 and 50 dmms, suitable for road construction in warmer climates) seller Bitumen 60/70 (This is a medium penetration grade, indicating slightly softer bitumen, ideal for moderate climates) seller Bitumen 80/100 (This grade is softer, with a penetration between 80 and 100 dmms, used in colder climates for better flexibility)
Hello Sir/Mme, Thanks for the interest in our quality Bitumen product. We are able to supply you on a consistent basis. Bitumen Penetration Grade: 60/70, 50/70,etc (A) Loading Port: Kazakhstan origin - Kazakhstan/ Monthly MOQ -- 50,000mt Payment Terms: DLC, SBLC, BG/ Sblc via MT760, T/T, MT103 (B) Origin: Iran through Bahrain (COO) Shipped from Jebel Ali Port - Dubai Payment term: 20% - 30% TT down payment in face to face meeting in Istanbul, 70% - 80% against shipping documents at loading port. trial and MOQ is 200 tons If this is okay, we require and ICPO, after SPA is signed, PI issued you are welcome to Turkey for the face to face meeting and down payment.
BITUMEN GRADE60/70 PRICE CIF ASWP: GROSS $390/NET $380 TERMS OF NEGOTIATION ORIGIN: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA INCOTERMS: CIF/FOB/TTO LOADING TERMINAL: GULF OF GUINEA / FORCADOS PAYMENT TERMS: SBLC-MT760, MT103 PERFORMANCE BOND: 2% PB CONTRACT TERM: 12 MONTHS MINIMUM (WITH ROLLS AND EXTENSIONS) INSPECTION: SGS, CIQ OR SIMILAR COMMISSION: STRUCTURED NCNDA/IMFPA FOB ROTTERDAM TANK TAKEOVER (SELLER TANK EXTENSION) 1. Buyer sends ICPO in line with seller working procedures 2. Seller issues Commercial Invoice (C.I.), Buyer Signs within 24 hours and returns to Seller Within its validity. 3. Upon receipt and review of the signed C.I., Seller sends to the buyer detailed information of Tank Storage facility where the product is stored for buyer to contact and extend the tank for at least a minimum of three (3) days. 4. Upon confirmation of Buyer's tank tension from seller's tank farm, Seller submits to by an Unconditional Dip Test Authorization (UDTA) along with the below full POP documents: - SGS report, Pre- Injection Report, Commitment Letter to Supply Authorization to sell & collect. 5. Buyer appoints their testing teams SGS or Equivalent to vessel. dip test in seller tank before injection to the buyer's vessel or conduct test upon injection completion into the buyer's vessel to ascertain the Quality and Quantity injected to the vessel. 6. Upon successful completion into buyers tanker, Seller issues payment invoice for Buyer to pay for the product value 7. Seller issues Tittle ownership documents to buyer upon confirmation of buyer payment. NCNDA/IMFPA sign and seal by all intermediaries connected in the transaction. 8. Seller within 24 hours upon receipt of the buyer's payment pays commission to all intermediaries involved in the transaction.
LIQUFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) Minimum Quantity: 5000 metric tons CIF price: GROSS USD $440.00 MT NET: USD $430.00 MT LIQUFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) Minimum Quantity: 5000 metric tons CIF price: GROSS USD $440.00 MT NET: USD $430.00 MT TERMS OF NEGOTIATION ORIGIN: FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA INCOTERMS: CIF/FOB/TTO LOADING TERMINAL: GULF OF GUINEA / FORCADOS PAYMENT TERMS: SBLC-MT760, MT103 PERFORMANCE BOND: 2% PB CONTRACT TERM: 12 MONTHS MINIMUM (WITH ROLLS AND EXTENSIONS) INSPECTION: SGS, CIQ OR SIMILAR COMMISSION: STRUCTURED NCNDA/IMFPA FOB ROTTERDAM TANK TAKEOVER (SELLER TANK EXTENSION) 1. Buyer sends ICPO in line with seller working procedures 2. Seller issues Commercial Invoice (C.I.), Buyer Signs within 24 hours and returns to Seller Within its validity. 3. Upon receipt and review of the signed C.I., Seller sends to the buyer detailed information of Tank Storage facility where the product is stored for buyer to contact and extend the tank for at least a minimum of three (3) days. 4. Upon confirmation of Buyer's tank tension from seller's tank farm, Seller submits to by an Unconditional Dip Test Authorization (UDTA) along with the below full POP documents: - SGS report, Pre- Injection Report, Commitment Letter to Supply Authorization to sell & collect. 5. Buyer appoints their testing teams SGS or Equivalent to vessel. dip test in seller tank before injection to the buyer's vessel or conduct test upon injection completion into the buyer's vessel to ascertain the Quality and Quantity injected to the vessel. 6. Upon successful completion into buyers tanker, Seller issues payment invoice for Buyer to pay for the product value 7. Seller issues Tittle ownership documents to buyer upon confirmation of buyer payment. NCNDA/IMFPA sign and seal by all intermediaries connected in the transaction. 8. Seller within 24 hours upon receipt of the buyer's payment pays commission to all intermediaries involved in the transaction.
Solest 68 is a formulated ISO VG68 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 68 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminium surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Soles lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Rotary, Centrifugal, Scroll Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 68, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Solest 68 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 220 is a formulated ISO VG220 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 220 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminium surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 220, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Solest 220 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 220 is a formulated ISO VG220 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 220 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminium surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 220, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Soles 220 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 180 is a formulated VG180 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 180 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminium surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. This grade offers excellent resistance to dilution in HFC refrigerants. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPIs laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 180, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Soles 180 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 180 is a formulated VG180 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 180 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminum surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. This grade offers excellent resistance to dilution in HFC refrigerants. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI's laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 180, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Solest 180 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 120 is a formulated VG120 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years of service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 120 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminium surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI's laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 120, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Solest 120 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.
Solest 120 is a formulated VG120 synthetic polyol ester (POE) lubricant designed for commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning compressors with over 25 years of service in the field. Designed to maximize lubrication in HFC systems, Solest 120 provides superior bearing protection with greater film strength than standard HFC lubricants. This product provides effective wear protection for steel and aluminum surfaces for increased system life and improved efficiency. Solest lubricants are designed for standard factory fill of air conditioning and industrial refrigeration equipment, as well as for OEM retrofitting operations. CPI's laboratory studies and OEM compressor bench tests have afforded a product line specifically designed to meet key system needs. Solest lubricants are not hazardous under 29 CFR 1910.1200. They provide improved properties over conventional mineral oils in all aspects, including viscosity index, flash and fire points and pour point. Applications and Compressor Type HFC, HCFC, HFO Refrigeration Reciprocating, Screw, Centrifugal Compressors Features and Benefits Thermally stable Longer system life Improved oil management Efficiency gains Corrosion protection Enhanced system reliability and reduced down-time Excellent bearing lubrication Longer compressor Life Optimized System performance Reduced operating costs Environmentally friendly Biodegradable Excellent lubricity Increased efficiency, reduced cost of operation Outstanding Miscibility The performance of an HFC system is optimized when the lubricant and refrigerant mix to form a single, clear phase. Miscibility lowers the viscosity of the lubricant carried through the system, so the lubricant can more efficiently return to the compressor. Mineral oils are not miscible with HFCs whereas Solest 120, as a polyol ester has a controlled level of miscibility with HFC gases. Excellent Thermal Stability Sealed tube results (ASHRAE 97) indicate that Solest 120 provides excellent stability in the presence of HFC refrigerants. In addition to outstanding stability, this lubricant shows no adverse effects to metals and other materials of construction.