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1. Although a major part of plant biomass is underground, we know little about the contribution of different species to root biomass in multispecies communities. We summarize studies on root distributions and plant responses to species-specific soil biota and formulate three hypotheses to explain how root responses may drive species coexistence and ecosystem productivity.

2. Recent studies suggest that root growth of some species may be stimulated in species mixtures compared with monocultures without hampering the growth of other species, leading to belowground overyielding. Further studies suggest that these responses are the result of reduced impairment of growth by species-specific plant pathogens that accumulate in monocultures.

3. First, we hypothesize that due to pathogen-constrained growth, monocultures are under rooted, i.e. they do not have enough roots for optimal acquisition of nutrients. Although elevated root production in mixtures represents a cost to the plant, improved nutrition will eventually result in improved plant performance.
4. Second, due to the plant species specificity of the soil biotic communities, we suggest that plant species in mixtures develop an intransitive competitive network in which none of the species is competitively superior to all other species. Competitive intransitivity is proposed as a mechanism of species coexistence.

Product name : Billa Fort 8-8-8
Chemical Properties :
1-Nitrogen (N):8%w/v
2-Phosphorus (P):8%w/v
3-Potassuim (K2o):8%w/v
4- Liquid Contents (Auxins-Organic acids -Chitosan - Cytokine - Organic . phosphorus)
Physical Properties Form : Liquid
Solubility Fully Water Soluble : Fully Water Soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): 7-8
TDS 10 g / L: 700 ppm
Color:  Black
Package: plastic bottle Drum
Size: 1 Liter, 20 Liter, 200 Liter, 1000 Liter
Place of Origin: Egypt

â??Micronutrients are elements which are essential for plant growth, but are required in much smaller amounts than those of the primary nutrients; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The micronutrients are boron (B),copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and chloride (Cl). While chloride is a micronutrient, deficiencies rarely occur in nature, so discussions on supplying micronutrient fertilizers are confined to the other six micronutrients.

Deficiencies of micronutrients have been increasing in some crops. Some reasons are higher crop yields which increase plant nutrient demands, use of high analyses NPK fertilizers containing lower quantities of micronutrient contaminants, and decreased use of farmyard manure on many agricultural soils. Micronutrient deficiencies have been verified in many soils through increased use of soil testing and plant analyses.

The most common method of micronutrient application for crops is soil application. Recommended application rates usually are less than 10 lb./acre (on an elemental basis), so uniform application of micronutrient sources separately in the field is difficult. Therefore, both granular and fluid NPK fertilizers are commonly used as carriers of micronutrients. Including micronutrients with mixed fertilizers is a convenient method of application and allows more uniform distribution with conventional application equipment. Costs also are reduced by eliminating a separate application.

Product name : Billa Mix
Chemical Properties :
1-Zinc (Zn):0.5%w/v
2-Iron (Fe):5%w/v
3-Copper (Cu):1%w/v
4-Sulfur (S):5%w/v
5-Molybdenur (Mo):0.85%w/v
6-Citric Acid:1%w/v
7-Scorbic Acid:0.5%w/v
Physical Properties Form : Liquid
Solubility Fully Water Soluble : Fully Water Soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): 5-6
TDS 10 g / L: 900 ppm
Color:  Yellow
Package: plastic bottle Drum
Size: 1 Liter, 20 Liter, 200 Liter, 1000 Liter
Place of Origin: Egypt

Pine wood shavings/ pine shavings have a many benefits, making them a superior choice in many cases to provide bedding for horses and cow.



Pine shavings are made from 100% pine trees, resulting in their wonderfully aromatic smell. Additionally, they are antibacterial and have ammonia-reducing properties so that we can avoid respiratory conditions.



In the other hand, a number of farmers have a tendency to use straw harvested after a cereal crops for horse/cow bedding, which is then found to be vulnerable to mould. In this case, pine shavings absolutely have advantage over straw, especially solve the respiratory problem.

Product : Unrefined Organic Shea Butter
INCI Name: Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea Butter)
BOTANICAL NAME : Vitellaria Paradoxa
Appearance (at 20C) :Ivory
Packed in 4 kg or as required by the client

Unrefined Virgin Shea Butter is 100% chemical free, additives free, artificial fragrance free (Non-deodorized), and preservatives free.
Our Ivory Shea Butter, the â??originalâ?? Shea Butter, varies from off-white, to beige to light gray. The shades of color are inevitable with this product as it is with most organic, all-natural products. The smell of Ivory Shea Butter is slightly nutty, and the consistency is rich but relatively light when compared to Yellow Shea Butter.

The Calcined Dolomite Powder is a result of Calcinations of Natural Dolomite Lumps. After burning, calcium oxide contains becomes 50% to 55% and Magnesium Contains 30% to 38%. Therefore, we have given it name of Dolo Lime, Calcined Dolomite or Burnt Dolomite.

Calcined Dolomite Lumps have normally been formed by the replacement of some of the calcium in limestone with magnesia, a process known as dolomitisation. Theoretically, dolomitic lime should be a stoichiometric mixture of CaO and MgO, i.e. 58% CaO and 42% MgO. In practice, because of impurities and differing levels of dolomitisation, commercial products normally contain 35-40 % MgO. Calcined Dolomite Lumps are the best catalysts and base chemical for steel plants.

Chemical Name : Calcium Magnesium Oxide

Chemical Formula : MgO.CaO

Major Applications :
Iron and steel industry
Non-ferrous metals
Ore concentration
Alumina & bauxite
Gas treatment
Hazardous waste treatment
Animal waste treatment

Packing : 50 kg bags/1000 kgs bags

All products; Peas and carrots are the finest quality mixed with a standard ratio of 1:1 carrots cubed shape is used.

In addition to standard ratio, Al Dana Group supplies other ratios according to customer's needs and requests.

It selects the best quality of fresh peas and carrots production process at the beginning of their season when they are fresh and having high sugar concentration.

Package:
Packs are packaged in various size packs selected by the customer.
In addition to being 100% natural fresh with no salt or preservatives added, Packs are economical to use.
Simply remove the amount desired, refreeze the remaining balance.
400 gm, 1 Kg, 2 Kg, and Bulk size 10 Kg.
Storage:
Deep Freeze compartment or freezer at 18 degree C.
Al Dana's vegetables are harvested, cleaned, cut and frozen within 3-5 hours.
Nutrients are reserved to the maximum, no loss in vitamins, minerals and nutrients.
Quickly frozen to preserve the fresh taste, colour, and nutrition.
Free from any preservatives or chemical substances.
Same characteristics of harvested at the peak of nutrition Ingredient maturity.
Freezing fresh allows using at the optimum standards for colour, taste, and texture.
Special Labeling are available.

Red grape, Green grape

Fresh Grape contains protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and other trace elements, lecithin, carotene, vitamin b1, vitamin b2, vitamin C, vitamin P, and so on, also, it contains more than ten kinds of amino acids and a large amount of fruit acid needed by the human body. We offer delicious varieties of grapes, provide the best competitive price and the best quality. we also can provide you with large quantities and the best commitment in delivery time.

Red grape, Green grape
Type
Fruits
Varieties 1- Superior seedless (color bright green)
Sugar: 15%
Size: 16MM

2- Crimson seedless (color light red)
Sugar: 19%
Size: 18MM

3- Thompson seedless (color light green)
Sugar: 20%
Size: 14MM

4-Flame seedless (color bright red)
Sugar: 18%
Size: 18MM

5- Red Globe (color red)
Sugar: 22%
Size: 22 - 28 MM

Packaging 1- Carry bags
4.5 Kg carton 9 bags per carton each bag 500 grams

170 carton per pallet.

Total cartons per container: 3600 cartons

20 pallets per container = 15.300 MT per 40 HC container

2- Punnett

5 kg carton 10 punnets per carton each punnet 500 grams

120 carton per pallet.

Total cartons per container: 2400 cartons
20 pallets per container = 15.300 MT per 40 HC container

Delivery Time 7 to 10 days from receiving payment depending on the Delivery port
Minimum Order : 15 MT

Payment Terms:
1- Letter of credit Conditions (L/C):
L/C irrevocable, confirmed and payable by draft drawn on the Prime world Banks

2- Telegraphic Transfer Conditions (T/T):
50 % T/T in advance and 50 % against the bill of loading or telex release

It Prevents cross transmission of most common nosocomial pathogens effective against viruses, bacteria, molds and yeasts
It contains Ethyl Alcohol 70%, the strongest concentration among alcohols evaporates quickly, leaves hands feeling soft without greasy after use.
Contains emollients & moisturizers, like glycerin, which is used as a moisturizer in cosmetics, due to its water binding properties.

The product is registered at the Egyptian Ministry of health as well as :
- France
- Germany
- FDA approved

We supply hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, hotels, banks and many other facilities and corporates

15 % Per Oxyacetic Acid Based Disinfectant

10 % Per Oxyacetic Acid Based Disinfectant

5% PER Oxyacetic Acid Based Disinfectant

The lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to South Asia, primarily North eastern India.

The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the second century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. However, they were not widely cultivated. They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD. The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th-century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens. It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150.

Calcium is a main constituent of the cell walls and membranes. When it is in short supply, cell division and the development of the growing point and root tips are affected. Calcium plays a key role in protecting the cell from toxins and in slowing the aging process. Adequate fruit calcium assists in longer storage life and helps stored fruit resist a range of breakdown conditions and rots including, internal breakdown, low temperature breakdown, water core, lenticel breakdown, as well as bitter pit.

Boron is needed for the movement of sugars within the plant and in the formation of new cells in growing points of shoots and roots. It is also associated with some of the functions of calcium. Boron affects pollination and the development of viable seeds which in turn affects the normal development of fruit, particularly in grapes and strawberries. A shortage of boron also directly causes cracking and distorted growth in fruit.
â??
Billa CalBor Calcium & Boron Complex is organically chelated with lignosulphonate that assists in the absorption of Calcium and Boron into the leaf of the plant in the most rapid and efficient manner. The Calcium & Boron Complex is a foliar liquid fertilizer developed by Agmin Chelates.

Product name : Billa Magpot
Chemical Properties :
1-Nitrogen (N):10 %w/v
2-Potassium (K2o):5%w/v
3-Magnesium (Mg):8%w/v
4- Sulphur (S):1.8%w/v
Physical Properties Form : Liquid
Solubility Fully Water Soluble : Fully Water Soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): 5-6
TDS 10 g / L: 850 ppm
Color:  Yellow
Package: Plastic bottle Drum
Size: 1 Liter, 20 Liter, 200 Liter, 1000 Liter
Place of Origin: Egypt

Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, and as such is useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr compounds. Historically ferrous sulfate was used in the textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. It is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of ink. The preparation of sulfuric acid ('oil of vitriol') by the distillation of green vitriol Iron sulfate has been known for at least 700 years.
Iron sulfate is sold as ferrous sulfate, a soil amendment for lowering the pH of a high alkaline soil so that plants can access the soil's nutrients.
In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis. Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, its effects are longer-lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years. It is also used as a lawn conditioner, and moss killer.

Product Name: Billa Ferrous 13 %
Chemical Properties :
1-(7% w/v) Coated Ferrous with Organic substances
2-(6% w/v) EDTA Ferrous
Chemical Character: Chemical Trace Elements Easy to Be Absorbed
Physical Properties Form : Powder
Solubility Fully Water Soluble: Full soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): 6-6.5
TDS 10 g / L: 515 ppm
Color: White
Package: Plastic Gallon
Size: 1 kg, 20 kg, Custom demand
Place of Origin: Egypt

Several factors affect the amount and composition of salts in soils.
Irrigation water quality - The total amount of dissolved salts in the irrigation water, and their composition, influence the soil salinity. Therefore, various parameters, such as source water EC and its minerals content should be tested. 
Irrigation regimen and type of irrigation system - The higher the water quantity applied, the closer soil salinity is to irrigation water salts concentration. When the soil dries, the concentration of salts in the soil solution is increased.
Field's characteristics and agricultural history - A poorly drained soil might reach salinity level that is harmful to the plants and to the whole crop. A soil that was not flushed after a previous growing cycle might contain high level of accumulated salts. 


Product Name: Billa Remo Salt
Chemical Properties :
1-(10.5% w/v) Nitrogen
2-(8% w/v) Magnesium
3-(10% w/v) Calcium
Chemical Character: Chemical liquid Elements Easy to Be Absorbed
Physical Properties Form : Liquid
Solubility Fully Water Soluble: Full soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): __
TDS 10 g / L: __
Color: Yellow
Package: Plastic Gallon
Size: 1 Liter, 5 Liter , 200 Liter, Custom demand
Place of Origin: Egypt

The functions of potassium in plant growth are numerous as potassium influences photosynthesis, respiration, translocation and many enzyme systems. Fertilization with potassium when soils are unable to supply sufficient amounts results in large yield responses. Reduced availability of potassium can lead to a reduction in plant growth and occasionally in crop quality .Response from potassium additions is first observed when the rate of regrowth is more rapid following a harvest.

The rapid rate of regrowth allows the alfalfa to compete more aggressively against weeds and insects which results in longer stand life. Increased disease resistance may be another factor that can be attributed to potassium fertilization. Potassium is known to improve the level of carbohydrates stored in alfalfa roots. Greater stand persistence is the result of a combination of these factors.


Potassium fertilization increases the potassium content of alfalfa and affects the concentration of other elements. It has been observed in numerous cases that whenever a nutrient addition results in large alfalfa yield increases, many, if not all other element concentrations will be reduced. Research indicates that potassium additions tend to increase protein in only a few cases and a more general result is that protein content is decreased. Potassium additions generally reduce calcium, magnesium, sodium and occasionally some of the micronutrients.

Experiments including higher rates of applied potassium show that potassium concentration continues to increase long after any yield increase is observed, clearly indicating "luxury consumption".

Product name : Billa Potassium 52%
Chemical Properties :
1-Potassium (K2o):52%w/v
2-Sulfur (S):1.8%w/v
Physical Properties Form : Liquid
Solubility Fully Water Soluble : Fully Water Soluble
PH (1g /100ml ): 8-8.5
TDS 10 g / L: 980 ppm
Color:  Transparent
Package: plastic bottle Drum
Size: 1 Liter, 20 Liter, 200 Liter, 1000 Liter
Place of Origin: Egypt

Product Description: Field spearmint, pure and natural; no preservatives, processing aides additives permitted.

1- Our product is of Excellent quality with purity up to 99.8 %.
2- Shelf life for three years of harvest.
3- Pcking: 20 Kg
4-Pesticide Residues:
- Conventional ratios.
- Pesticide residue ratios according to the European Union Specifications.
- Organic.
5- Payment terms: we preferred 30% advance and 70 % against sending a copy of the bill of loading.

It is available to send you a sample to check the quality and conduct a pesticide residue analysis to ensure the required specifications.

product Description: Hibiscus, pure and natural; no preservatives, processing aids additives permitted.

1- Our product is of Excellent quality with purity up to 99.8 %.
2- Shelf life for three years of harvest.
3- Pcking: 20 Kg
4-Pesticide Residue :
- We have Conventional ratios.
- We have pesticide residue ratios according to the European Union Standards.

5- Payment terms: we preferred 30% advance and 70 % against sending a copy of the bill of loading.

It is available to send you a sample to check the quality and conduct a pesticide residue analysis to ensure the required specification.

roduct Description: Marjoram, pure and natural; no preservatives, processing aids additives permitted.

1- Our product is of Excellent quality with purity up to 99.8 %.
2- Shelf life for three years of harvest.
3- Pcking: 20 Kg
4-Pesticide Residue :
- We have Conventional ratios.
- We have pesticide residue ratios according to the European Union Specifications.

5- Payment terms: we preferred 30% advance and 70 % against sending a copy of the bill of loading.

It is available to send you a sample to check the quality and conduct a pesticide residue analysis to ensure the required specification