500um Photo Chemical Etched Juicer Screen Chemical Photo Etching Material Filter Cloth Photo Chemical Micro Etched Screens FEATURES Materials stainless Steel Item No XK-1204 Size customized Process Photo Chemical etching Color customized Usage Juice Filter Basket Shape Hexagonal MOQ 500 pcs per design negotiable Logo engraved, printed according your request Lead time 10-12 days Design customized Delivery time 5-7 days Thickness 0.15-0.2Mm custom design Accepted OEM/ODM Both of ok Effct process Glossy,polished or customized YMX FILTER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD is a custom fabricator of series of wire screen, cone strainers and woven wire cloth products. For more than 20 years' experience, we are serving customers from a wide range of industries from all over the world. If you are interested in custom wire screen, you can click here to browse our website.
Perforated Metal Sintered Wire Mesh Sintered Mesh Material Filter Cloth This type of sintered wire mesh laminate is made by taking several layers of woven wire mesh and sintering them to a layer of perforated metal. The woven wire mesh layers consist of a filter layer, a protective layer, and possibly a buffer layer between the fine mesh layer and the perforated plate. The perforated plate is then added as the base and the entire structure is sintered together to form a very strong yet tractable plate. Due to the support of the perforated plate, this type of sintered wire mesh laminate has a high resistance to pressure and high mechanical strength. It is suitable for a variety of applications which require fine filtration, but also the need to protect and preserve the filtration layer. One example of an application is in oil wells, where fine particles need to be filtered under extremely high-pressure conditions. Perforated Metal Filter Screen In general, we use 316L stainless steel wire mesh for the woven wire mesh layers, and 304 stainless steel for the perforated plate. Other special alloys can be incorporated as well. The woven wire mesh layers can be customized to meet a filtration rating, and the thickness of the perforated plate as well as the type of perforations can be customized as well. Our standard size is 2x4â?², or 4x4â?², but different size sheets and discs can be made as well. This type of sintered mesh laminate is often used in tube form. These sintered filter tubes can be custom made with a variety of diameters and lengths. YMX FILTER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD is a custom fabricator of series of wire screen, cone strainers and woven wire cloth products. For more than 20 years' experience, we are serving customers from a wide range of industries from all over the world. If you are interested in custom wire screen, you can click here to browse our website.
Perforated Metal Filter Screen-round hole Perforated Metal Material Filter Cloth PRODUCT FEATURES Stainless Steel Perforated Metal is an ideal material to make filter baskets and filter tubes. Perforated Metal is also known as perforated sheet, perforated plate, or perforated screen.Its a metal sheet that has been manually or mechanically stamped or punched to create patterns of different shapes of holes. There are as so designs of the shape of the hole, like the round hole, the slot hole, the rectangular hole, square hole, hexagonal holes, and any shapes as to your design. Perforated metal is one of the most versatile and popular metal cloth you can find on the market. It can range from light to heavy gauge of thickness that covers applications of many different aspects. The raw materials could be carbon steel metals, aluminum plate, galvanized plates, stainless steel plates, etc. YMX Filter can make perforated metals holes sizes and apertures only bigger than or equal to the plate thickness. This is the minimum aperture principle on the perforated metals. If you want to get smaller holes and apertures than the thickness of the plate, then we have to use the photo-chemical technique to produce the screens for you. custom Perforated Metal for sale PARAMETER Hole diameter Staggered Centers Sheet Thickness Open Area 0.045 1.14mm 0.066 0.033-0.039 0.84-0.99mm 37% 1/16 1.59mm 3/32 0.027-0.033 0.68-0.84mm 41% 5/64 1.98mm 1/8 0.027-0.053 0.68-1.35mm 35% 0.081 2.06mm 1/8 0.053-0.066 1.35-1.68mm 38% 3/32 2.38mm 5/32 0.053-0.066 1.35-1.68mm 33% 1/8 3.17mm 3/16 0.027-0.127 0.68-3.23mm 40% 5/32 3.97mm 3/16 0.027-0.066 0.68-1.68mm 63% 3/16 4.76mm 1/4 0.027-0.127 0.68-3.23mm 50% 1/4 6.35mm 3/8 0.033-0.111,0.25 0.84-2.82mm.6.35mm 40% 3/8 9.52mm 1/2 0.053-0.082,3/16 1.35-2.08mm,4.76mm 51% 3/8 9.52mm 9/16 0.059,0.119 1.50mm,3.02mm 40% 1/2 12.70mm 11/16 0.033-0.127 0.84-3.23mm,4.76mm 48% 1/4Hex 6.35mmHex 0.285 0.027-0.033 0.68-0.84mm 76% 3/8Sq. 9.52mmSq. 0.053-0.066 1.35-1.68mm 51% YMX FILTER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD is a custom fabricator of series of wire screen, cone strainers and woven wire cloth products. For more than 20 years' experience, we are serving customers from a wide range of industries from all over the world. If you are interested in custom wire screen, you can click here to browse our website.
Knitted Mesh High Precision Wedge Wire Screen Filter Pipe Knitted Mesh/Mist Eliminator Material Filter Cloth Knitted Mesh wholesale FEATURES YMX Filter aims to provide our clients with the best possible filter materials as well as filter products. We provide knitted wire mesh in a variety of materials, shapes and sizes for your convenience. Knitted mesh uses a knitting process similar to domestic knitting machines but on a larger scale. The end product is a connecting loop of wire or fibres. It's different from a woven wire mesh. A woven wire mesh is made as a cloth with warp wires and shute wires cross together. These two different meshes use different technologies for production and therefore produce materials with different structures and properties. Knitted wire mesh can be produced from a range of wires including stainless steel, aluminium, nickel, copper, copper-nickel alloys, galvanized steel etc. Knitted mesh can be produced into: tapes, rolls, ginning knitted mesh and can take on the following forms: round disc, cylindrical, ring, rectangle, oval, etc. Knitted mesh Demister Mesh Pad PARAMETER Type Specification Standard type 40-100 60-150 105-300 140-400 160-400 200-570 High-efficiency type 60-100 80-100 80-150 90-150 150-300 200-400 300-600 High-penetration type 20-100 30-150 70-400 100-600 170-560 Damping type 33-30 38-40 20-40 26-40 30-40 30-50 48-50 30-60 30-80 50-120 YMX FILTER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD is a custom fabricator of series of wire screen, cone strainers and woven wire cloth products. For more than 20 years' experience, we are serving customers from a wide range of industries from all over the world. If you are interested in custom wire screen, you can click here to browse our website.
Materials:low carbon steel wire,copper wire,nickel wire,stainless steel wire,polyester wire. Weaving and characteristics:Plain weaving,twill weaving,bamboo-type weaving,twist weaving.It has the property of fine filtration,good stability,great strength. Uses:uesd in spaceflight,oil,chenical industry,ect.
Materials:low carbon steel wire,copper wire,nickel wire,stainless steel wire,polyester wire. Weaving and characteristics:Plain weaving,twill weaving,bamboo-type weaving,twist weaving.It has the property of fine filtration,good stability,great strength. Uses:uesd in spaceflight,oil,chenical industry,ect.
Material: Stainless steel wire in AISI, SUS302,304,316,304L or 316L Weaving and Features: Plain weave, twilled weave, Dutch weave, etc. It offers good property against acid, alkali and heat, it is also wear resistant. Uses: Stainless steel wire mesh is used for mining, petroleum, chemical industry, food, medicine, machinery manufacturing and other industries. We can produce all kinds of stainless steel wire mesh, including stainless steel square wire mesh and stainless steel twilled woven mesh. Stainless steel wire mesh with its anti-wearing, heat resistance, acid resistance and anti-corrosion properties, is used popularly for mining, chemical industry, food industry, the pharmaceutical industry and many other fields.
Product Description: Gabion baskets can come in a range of sizes since they're built from a combination of steel wire mesh panels and spiral, the surface treatment usually used heavy zinc coated, galvanised steel is known for it's resistance to weather and ability to withstand corrosive atmospheres, in particularly exposure to coastal air. Gabion mesh box Feature: They can be designed for projects of any scale They control erosion effectively They drain well They are durable and long-lasting Gabion stone cage applications: retaining walls mechanically stabilized soil retaining structures stream bank protection slope paving outfall structures weirs drop structures They can be utilised for a range of applications, including garden beds, feature walls and seating Packing & Delivery: Packing Details: pallet or in bundle, as buyer's requirement. Delivery Details: 15-20 Days after received the deposit by TT, according to buyer's quantity. Tell us the gabion basket length, height, width, and used for retaining wall, garden wall, erosion control, flood protection etc, We will then get back to you with the list of gabion baskets needed to build the wall, costings including delivery. Pvc Coated Metal Gabion Baskets / Gabion Stone Cages Long Life Span
Gabions are wire mesh baskets that are filled on site with typically stone or rock to form larger building modules, there are 2 types of gabions according different use, gabion basket and gabion mattress, most popular specifications as below: Gabion Baskets Hexagonal Woven Mesh type, Class A Galvanised OR with an additional 0.5-0.8mm PVC coating of aperture 80 x 100mm, mesh wire diameter of 2.7mm and salvage wire diameter of 3.4mm. Reno / River Mattress Specifications: Hexagonal Woven Mesh type, Class A Galvanised OR with an additional 0.5-0.8mm PVC coating of aperture 60 x 80mm, mesh wire diameter of 2.2mm and salvage wire diameter of 2.7mm. Hexagonal Gabions Opening (mm) Wire Diameter(Metal Wire) (mm) Wire Diameter (PVC Coate)/ Inner/Outside(mm) Strands 60X80 f2.0-2.8 f2.0/3.0-2.5/3.5 3 80X100 f2.0-3.2 f2.0/3.0-2.8/3.8 3 80X120 f2.0-3.2 f2.0/3.0-2.8/3.8 3 100X120 f2.0-3.4 f2.0/3.0-2.8/3.8 3 100X150 f2.0-3.4 f2.0/3.0-2.8/3.8 3 120X150 f2.0-4.0 f2.0/3.0-3.0/4.0 3 Advantages: 1. Metal Gabion made of hexagonal double twisted wire mesh provide adequate strength to the structure to withstand forces generated by retained earth and flowing water. 2. The flexibility of the double twisted hexagonal mesh helps in withstanding differential settlement without fracturing the structure particularly when a structure is installed on unstable and uneven ground or in an area where scours from waves or current can undermine etc. 3. The permeable nature of the Metal Gabion eliminates buildup of hydrostatic pressure behind the retaining structure and uplifts caused by turbulent flows. Hence the thickness of the required structure is significantly reduced. 4. Metal Gabion structures are heavy monolithic gravity units able to withstand earth's thrust. Its efficiency increases instead of decreasing with age since further consolidation takes place as silt and soil collect on the voids and vegetation establishes itself. Gabion application: erosion protection structures weirs soil retaining walls culvert headwalls Gabion structures are able to develop and integrate with the surrounding environment, permitting the preservation or restoration of the natural environment. Packing & Delivery: Packing Details: In pallet or in bundle, as buyer's requirement. Delivery Details: 5-10 Days after received the deposit by TT, according to buyer's quantity. We can offer a range of wire diameters to suit the application.
Sack gabion is a cylindrical bag made of double twisted steel woven mesh panel. It is assembled by rolling the mesh panel into a cylindrical shape and overlapping the selvedge edges. Inserted steel wire which runs through the sack facilitates tightening the bag when it is filled with riprap. Sack gabions are filled with stones on the job site forming flexible and permeable structures and extensively used in river training, bank reinforcement, slope protection and similar applications. Compared with other gabions which have rectangular or square profile, gabion bag has no requirement of foundation conditions and will create a firm platform. Hence, gabion sack is especially suitable for emergency conditions when the found is not prepared. Advantages: Inserted steel line facilitates sack tightening. Filling like crushed stone is very cheap. Easy and quick installation ideal for emergency. Thick zinc coating effectively expand service life. Features of gabion planter Galvanized or Galfan coating steel wire or PVC coating wires supplies durable and stable structure for several years use. Flexible structure. Square, rectangular, column and any special shapes or designs can be free customized. Colorful for your needs. Powder coating treatment supplies various colors including black, red, yellow or any other colors you want for your different use. Eco-friendly. It will not pollute the surrounding environments while make your site beautiful. Functional along with beautiful. Unique design will decorate your site while supplies comfortable bed for your plants or flowers.
Detailed Product Description Wire Diameter: 2.0-4.0mm Mesh Size: 60*80,80*100,100*120,120*150mm Etc Surface Treatment: Zinc Coated Type: Woven Mesh Material: Galvanized Wire,pvc Coated Wire Application: Flood Control Feature: High Tensile Strength Heavy zinc coated gabion box / Gabions Stone box For Flood control
Welded Gabions is made of welded wire mesh panels assembled with spirals, locking pins and stiffener. Each gabion panel is composed of rugged high tensile wire coated by a thick, corrosion-resistant layer of zinc. The wire is also available with galfan coated, Welded mesh gabion could be used for prefilled on site construction which is quick and easy. They have a variety of applications such as retaining walls for commercial, industrial and road project, landscaping, erosion control. How to install welded gabion box: After checking you have all the components, open out the mesh panels. Lift the side panels into vertical position and join by feeding the correct length of helical formed spiral into the corner, using a rotating action, until the helical is fully engaged. When the helical is fully engaged, the formed end should lock in place. All panel joints (vertical joints) are formed by assembling to the adjacent panel. Each joint is retained with one helical. Repeat the filling and stiffener wire installation until the gabion is full and then close the lid by joining with the correct helical while ensuring the top mesh bears down on the rock fill. Welded mesh stone cage benefits: Economical Durable Modular Anti-corrosive Easy installation Not need maintenance Applications of welded gabion box: Gabions made of welded wire fabrics offer much strength compared with woven wire gabions while they have similar flexibility, Welded gabions can be connected with other similar containers and filled with stone to form flexible and permeable structures for retaining of riverbank and soils,Gabions are also used extensively as architectural cladding to buildings. After checking you have all the components, open out the mesh panels Repeat the filling and stiffener wire installation until the gabion is full and then close the lid by joining with the correct helical while ensuring the top mesh bears down on the rock fill. Welded mesh stone cage benefits: Economical Durable Modular Anti-corrosive Easy installation Not need maintenance Applications of welded gabion box: Gabions made of welded wire fabrics offer much strength compared with woven wire gabions while they have similar flexibility, Welded gabions can be connected with other similar containers and filled with stone to form flexible and permeable structures for retaining of riverbank and soils,Gabions are also used extensively as architectural cladding to buildings. Packing details Packing: In pallet or in bundle, put in wooden case or cartons, or as buyer's requirement.
Sack gabion, a flexible and durable gabion product, which has a cylindrical shape gabion. It can be filled with stones for emergent and temporary applications, such as flood controlling. Same as gabion box and gabion mattress, the sack gabion can also be made of galvanized steel wire, PVC coated wire and zinc-aluminum alloy wire. All these supply good corrosion and rust resistance performance and extend the service life of the sack gabion. Sack gabion is composed of mesh wire, selvedge wire, reinforced wire and tie wire. The mesh wires are used to be woven into the sack gabion panel. Then use the selvedge wire to connect the side of the panel to form a cylindrical shape structure. Wrap one side of the opening and then fill the sack gabion with stones. At last wrap the opening, all the works are completed. Just throw the sack gabion into rapid flood by machine or pile the sack gabion up to defend the floods. Features of sack gabion Flexible. The sack gabion is folded in panels and packed in bundles, which is easy to transport to anywhere you need it. Additional, the sack gabion is lightweight and easy to operate and use, which is suitable for emergent applications. When you use it, just unfold them and make them into cylindrical shapes. The installation and assembly is easy to operate. It need no special skills and tools, which is more and more popular with customers. High tensile structure. The sack gabion are made of high quality steel wires, which has high tensile strength to be used in the heavy duty applications and defend the high impact from flood and rapid waters. Additional, for facilitate closing and high strength, reinforced wires are insert into the gabion during production Durable and long service life. The sack gabion is made of galvanized, PVC coated or Galfan wire, which has outstanding chemical stability and corrosive resistance. It can be used in the sea water and other corrosive environments for good defensing performance and durable life. Applications of sack gabion Sack gabion is widely used for temporary or emergency applications, such as flood controlling, coastal protecting. It can defend the flood and protect the coastal, people and properties' safe.
Zinc Coated Gabion Box These are manufactured from mechanically woven double twisted hexagonal wire mesh using Heavily Galvanized steel wire. The edges of the mesh are reinforced with a thicker wire called the selvedge wire to strengthen them and to facilitate construction. Gabions can be divided into cells by fitting diaphragms which reinforce the structure and make installation easier. Zinc + PVC Coated Gabion Box In case of marine or highly corrosive environment, an additional protection is provided by extruding a 0.5mm to 0.8mm thick PVC coating over the heavily galvanized wire. PVC coating is done on the galvanized wire prior to manufacturing of the gabion mesh. Advantages: 1.Stone filling is characterized by porosity that enables water to flow and doesnt create hydraulic pressure on the panels of gabion structures, it has drainage function. 2.Gabions are able to deform while still retaining their integrity, they adapt themselves to terrain where the concrete structures may crack and fail, they are suitable for unstable subgrades. 3.The high resistance and durability is secured by outstanding features of steel wire, its surface treatment by heavy galvanization or PVC coating and by the quality of stone filling. During the lifetime the pores are filled up with alluvia and the whole structure is grown through by vegetation what increases its strength and therefore is able to resist against great pressures. 4.Gabion baskets are made from double twisted, hexagonal woven wire mesh. The wire used to manufacture the gabion baskets is fabricated from high quality tensile, heavily galvanized steel, which is also available with an extruded PVC coating for additional corrosion protection, when required by the application. The double twist of the woven wire mesh provides integrity, strength and continuity to the structure by adding a non-raveling effect that prevents any accidental damage from spreading. Gabion application: Gabion baskets come in a variety of sizes and are best suited for gravity retaining walls, mechanically stabilized soil retaining structures, stream,bank protection, slope paving, outfall structures, weirs, etc Packing & Delivery: Packing Details: In pallet or in bundle, as buyer's requirement. Delivery Details: 5-10 Days after received the deposit by TT, according to buyer's quantity.
Welded gabion, is more and more popular in the decorative and functional applications. It can be used for protect the slope as retaining wall. It can also be made into the planters, fireplaces, decorative walls and various landscape constructions. Welded gabion is made of corrosive resistant materials, including galvanized wire, Galfan wire, PVC coated wire, which can remain the good appearance and performance even being exposed onto the sunlight, rain and other harsh environments, different sizes and shaped can be customized according to your requirement. We have various of connection types for your choice, such as lacing wires, C rings, spiral wires and U clips, they all can supply high strength and durability for your project, just choose which one you prefer. Advantages of Gabions: Flexibility One of the most important advantages of double twisted mesh gabions & reno mattresses is their flexibility both for the individual unit and the overall gabion or reno mattress structure. The Double Twisted Hexagonal Mesh construction of the units permits it to tolerate differential settlement without failure. This property is especially important when a structure is on unstable soil conditions or in areas where scour from wave action or currents can undermine the toe of the structure and cause structural settlement. Strength Double Twisted Hexagonal Mesh Gabions & Reno Mattresses possess the strength and flexibility to withstand forces generated by water and earth masses. The most important and relevant strength characteristics pertaining to gabion and reno mattress design standards are the mesh punch strength, the mesh tensile strength, the pull apart resistance strength of the mesh, and the corrosion resistance of the mesh. The strength values of the double twisted mesh are located within the individual product specifications for each product and are represented in ASTM A975-97. Applications: youll find them used extensively where a neat appearance and clean outline are important, such as public areas, housing developments, landscaping and gardens. Retaining wall structures River and canal training Erosion and scour protection; roadway protection; bridge protection Hydraulic structures, dams and culverts Coastal embankment works Rockfall and soil erosion protection Architectural cladding for walls and buildings Freestanding walls, noise and environmental barriers Architectural Gabion Applications http://www.metalgabions.com/photo/metalgabions/editor/20190524092337_51247.jpg
Modular Gabion Systems are engineered welded wire mesh products , with similar structure but more functions than gabion wall and gabion retaining wall. It is commonly made of welded gabions which has rigid and durable structure, it is more and more popular for private, commercial and civil architectural decorations and constructions, mainly used for earth retention and soil stabilization, erosion control and flood control, and landscape and architectural. Rigid structure and high strength. Available for different designs and shapes. Galvanized or galfan steel wires. Ideal for architectural decorations. How to install welded gabion box Step 1. Ends, diaphragms, front and back panels are placed upright on the bottom section of wire mesh. Step 2. Secure panels by screwing spiral binders through the mesh openings in adjacent panels. Step 3. Stiffeners shall be placed across the corners, at 300mm from the corner. Providing a diagonal bracing, and crimped over the line and cross wires on the front and side faces. None are needed in interior cells. Step 4. Gabion box filled with graded stone by hand or with a shovel. Step 5. After filling, close the lid and secure with spiral binders at the diaphragms, ends, front and back. Step 6. When stacking tiers of the welded gabion box, the lid of the lower tier may serve as the base of the up
Gabions are rectangular baskets fabricated from a hexagonal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire. The baskets are filled with rock and stacked atop one another to form a gravity- type wall. Gabions depend mainly on the interlocking of the individual stones and rocks within the wire mesh for internal stability, and their mass or weight to resist hydraulic and earth forces. Gabions are a porous type of structure that can sometimes be vegetated. Gabions are considered to be a hard structural solution that has minimal habitat and aesthetic value. Gabion mesh box features: Ease of handling and transportation Speed of construction Flexibility Permeability to wate Gabions offer an easy-to-use method for decreasing water velocity and protecting slopes from erosion. Applications: Gabions is a cage, cylinder, or box filled with rocks, concrete, or sometimes sand and soil for use in civil engineering, road building, and military applications. For erosion control, caged riprap is used. For dams or in foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are used. In a military context, earth- or sand-filled gabions are used to protect artillery crews from enemy fire. Packing & Delivery: Packing Details: pallet or in bundle, as buyer's requirement. Delivery Details: 15-20 Days after received the deposit by TT, according to buyer's quantity.
We are one of biggest factory that producing PVC coated welded mesh, and we export 5 containers to Chennai Port. Welcome India friends send me enquiry wiremesh/at/live.cn
Electro Galvanized Iron Wire Electro Galvanized Wire is our featured product, factory own 30 sets of large wire drawing machines, 60 sets of medium wire drawing equipments, 3 sets of electro galvanizing production line, daily output 30 tons of electro galvanized iron wire, they have the characteristics of uniform and firm zinc coating, good corrosion resistance, excellent flexibility, etc, mainly used in contruction binding wire, making of common wire nails, barbed wire twisting, strand wire, binding of flowers, handicrafts, woven galvanized square wire mesh and galvanized welded wire mesh. Electro Galvanized Wire produce process: Steel rod - Wire Drawing - Wire Annealing - Rust Removing - Acid Washing - Boiling-Drying-Zinc Feeding-Wire Coiling Material: low carbon steel wire Wire diameter range: BWG8-BWG34 Packing: 1-1000kgs/coil, coil with plastic film inside and hessian cloth outside or weaved cloth outside Zinc coat: 10-25g/m2 Tensile strength: 350-550N/mm2 Elongation: 10%-20% Quantity in one 20ft container:25 tons generally Min order quantity: 2000kgs
Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Wire Hot dipped galvanized steel wire is made with choice low carbon steel wire, high tensile strength steel wire,through wire drawing, wire annealing, rust removing, acid washing, boiling, drying, zinc feeding, drying, and wire coiling. Hot dipped galvanized steel wire belongs to high-grade galvanzed wire products series, it has much more zinc coating thickness, longer service life and wide-range in application, of course, the hot dipped galvanized steel wire cost is also higher than electro galvanized wire, It's mainly used in construction, handicrafts, woven wire mesh, welded wire mesh, packaging of products and other daily uses. SPECIFICATION Hot dipped galvanized low carbon steel wire offers excellent flexibility and softness,the material is low carbon steel wire, tensile strength 350-550N/mm2,the zinc coating can be economical 40g-60g/m2, or heavy zinc coating 200g-260g/m2, heavy zinc coating low carbon steel wire is the main wire material source of gabion mesh weaving, we put 5%-10% aluminum into zinc feeding pool,produce galfan ZN-5% AL coated wire and galfan ZN-10% AL coated wire,the hot dipped galvanized galfan coated wire has higher corrosion resistance,it is about 2-3 times that of ordinary pure galvanized steel wire,mainly used in outdoors, humid environment,or in harsh environment such as marine climate. galfan hot dipped galvanized steel wire has the characteristics of strong adhesion, abrasion resistance, good corrosion resistance and superior construction performance, all these features make it become the best choice for gabion mesh weaveing material.
