Zinc ore refers to naturally occurring rocks and minerals that contain significant amounts of zinc (Zn), a bluish-white metal known for its corrosion resistance and versatility in various industrial applications. The most commonly mined zinc ore is sphalerite (ZnS).
Associated Elements: Often found with lead (Pb), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd)
Geological Occurrence: Found in sedimentary, hydrothermal, and metamorphic deposits worldwide, with large reserves in Australia, China, Peru, the U.S., and India
Uses of Zinc:
Galvanization
The primary use of zinc is in galvanizing iron and steel to prevent rust and corrosion.
Alloy Production
Used to create brass (zinc + copper) and zamak (zinc + aluminum + magnesium), commonly used in hardware, tools, and automotive parts.
Batteries
Essential in alkaline batteries and zinc-carbon batteries, and gaining interest in zinc-air and zinc-ion battery technologies.
Die Casting
Due to its excellent castability, zinc is widely used in automotive, electrical, and consumer product manufacturing.
Chemicals and Pigments
Used in the production of zinc oxide (ZnO) for rubber manufacturing, sunscreens, paints, and ceramics.
Agriculture
Zinc compounds (like zinc sulfate) are used in fertilizers and animal feed supplements to correct zinc deficiencies in crops and livestock.
Pharmaceutical and Health Products
Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body and is used in dietary supplements, lozenges, and topical creams.
Electrolytic cobalt, including cobalt cathodes, metal sheet scrap, and cobalt metal powder, is available with SGS-certified factory delivery. The cobalt powder, with a purity of 99.99%, has a particle size range of 0.8-1.5�µm and is loosely packed.
Purity: Minimum 99.95% Available sizes:
Full plate: 950~970mm Ã?? 800~830mm
Cathode (cut): Approximately 50mm Ã?? 50mm Ã?? 7mm
Other purity levels and size specifications can be customized upon request.
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Tin concentrate is a processed ore containing tin (Sn) in varying percentages, typically obtained from cassiterite (SnO). It is a key raw material for tin smelting and refining.
Key Properties:
Chemical Formula: Primarily SnO (cassiterite)
Tin Content: Typically 30-70% Sn
Appearance: Dark brown to black powder or granules
Density: 6.8â??7.1 g/cm (varies with impurities)
Extraction Process: Gravity separation, flotation, or dredging from alluvial deposits
Common Applications:
Tin Smelting & Refining Used to produce refined tin ingots for industrial use.
Solder Manufacturing Major component in electronics, automotive, and construction.
Alloy Production Used in bronze, pewter, and bearing alloys.
Coatings & Plating Tin coatings for corrosion resistance in packaging and pipes.
Chemical Industry Tin compounds used in plastics, glass coatings, and catalysts.
Product Grades:
High-Grade Tin Concentrate >60% Sn, low impurities, used in premium smelting.
Medium-Grade Tin Concentrate 40-60% Sn, moderate impurity levels.
Low-Grade Tin Concentrate 30-40% Sn, requires further refining before smelting.
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Copper scrap refers to discarded or leftover copper materials that are collected for recycling and reuse. It is one of the most valuable and commonly recycled metals due to its ability to retain 100% of its original properties after processing. Copper scrap plays a crucial role in the global supply chain, reducing the need for raw copper mining and minimizing environmental impact.
Composition:
Primary Element: Copper (Cu)
Types of Copper Scrap:
Bare Bright Copper: Clean, uncoated, unalloyed copper wire (highest value)
No. 1 Copper: Clean copper tubing or wire, free of paint, insulation, or solder
No. 2 Copper: Contaminated or coated copper, may have solder, paint, or corrosion
Insulated Copper Wire (ICW): Copper wire covered in plastic or rubber insulation
Mixed Copper Scrap: Includes alloys like brass and bronze
Uses of Recycled Copper:
Electrical Industry.
Recycled copper is melted down and reused in power cables, wiring, motors, and transformers, thanks to its high conductivity.
Construction.
Used in plumbing pipes, roofing materials, and HVAC systems.
Automotive and Electronics.
Incorporated into vehicle wiring, radiators, circuit boards, and connectors.
Manufacturing of Alloys.
Recycled copper is used in producing brass, bronze, and other copper-based alloys.
Sustainable Manufacturing.
Helps industries lower carbon emissions and energy consumption, as recycling copper uses up to 85% less energy than primary production.
Aluminum ingots are solid, rectangular metal blocks made from purified aluminum. They are produced by smelting and refining aluminum ore (typically bauxite) and are used as raw material in various industries.
Physical Characteristics:
Color: Silver-gray with a metallic sheen
Shape: Uniform, slightly rounded edges, rectangular or trapezoidal
Surface: Smooth with minor texture or casting marks
Weight: Varies
Uses of Aluminum Ingots:
Manufacturing: Used to produce automotive parts, aircraft components, and machinery
Construction: Used in structural materials, window frames, and roofing
Packaging: Key material for aluminum foil and beverage cans
Electronics: Used in electrical conductors and heat sinks
Copper cathodes are 99.99% pure copper plates produced through electrorefining or electrowinning. They serve as the primary raw material for copper processing in industries such as electronics, construction, and manufacturing.
Key Properties:
Purity: 99.99% Cu (LME Grade A)
Appearance: Rectangular plates with a smooth surface
Density: 8.96 g/cm
Electrical Conductivity: Excellent, used in electrical applications
Thermal Conductivity: High, ideal for heat exchangers and wiring
Common Applications:
Electrical Industry - Used in wiring, cables, transformers, and electrical components.
Construction - Roofing, plumbing, and industrial pipes.
Automotive & Aerospace - Used in batteries, motors, and electrical circuits.
Manufacturing - Production of brass, bronze, and copper alloys.
Coinage & Jewelry - Alloyed with other metals for currency and decorative items.
Product Grades:
LME Grade A - 99.99% purity, meets London Metal Exchange (LME) standards for international trade.
ASTM B115-00 - 99.95% purity, widely accepted in industrial applications.
High-Grade Electrolytic Copper - 99.90% or higher, used in specialized manufacturing.
Palladium ore refers to naturally occurring rock that contains palladium (Pd), a lustrous silver-white metal that belongs to the platinum group metals (PGMs). Like rhodium, palladium is rarely found in concentrated form and is typically extracted as a by-product from nickel, copper, and platinum mining operations.
Host Minerals: Palladium is often found within sulfide minerals such as pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite
Major Deposits: Found primarily in Russia (Norilsk-Talnakh), South Africa (Bushveld Complex), Canada (Sudbury Basin), and the USA (Montana - Stillwater Complex)
Uses of Palladium:
Automotive Catalysts.
Palladium is a key component in catalytic converters, helping to convert harmful pollutants (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) into less harmful emissions in petrol-powered vehicles.
Electronics.
Used in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), connector plating, and semiconductors due to its excellent conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
Jewelry.
Palladium is used as a white metal alternative to platinum or white gold, especially in high-end jewelry and watchmaking. It is lightweight, hypoallergenic, and does not tarnish.
Dentistry.
Applied in dental alloys for crowns and bridges, valued for its strength, biocompatibility, and non-reactivity.
Hydrogen Storage and Purification.
Palladium can absorb large amounts of hydrogen, making it valuable in hydrogen fuel cells and filtration technologies.
Investment.
Like other PGMs, palladium is traded in the form of bullion, coins, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as a precious metal investment.
Tin ore is a naturally occurring mineral from which tin metal is extracted. The most common tin ore is cassiterite (SnO), which contains tin dioxide.
Properties of Tin Ore (Cassiterite)
Composition: Primarily tin dioxide (SnO)
Appearance: Brown to black, sometimes reddish or yellowish
Density: About 6.8 - 7.1 g/cm³ (very dense)
Hardness: 6 - 7 on the Mohs scale
Luster: Adamantine to metallic
Carbon powder is a fine, black or grayish powder made primarily of carbon (C) particles. It can be produced from various carbon-rich sources such as coal, petroleum, wood, or natural gas, and is often categorized based on its origin and purity. The physical and chemical properties of carbon powderâ??like high surface area, conductivity, and chemical stabilityâ??make it useful across multiple industries.
Composition:
Primary Element: Carbon (C)
Forms of Carbon Powder:
Activated Carbon: Highly porous, used for filtration and adsorption
Carbon Black: Fine black powder made from incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products
Graphite Powder: Crystalline form of carbon with high electrical conductivity
Amorphous Carbon: Irregular, non-crystalline form of carbon
Charcoal Powder: Derived from wood or organic matter
Uses of Carbon Powder:
Filtration and Purification.
Activated carbon powder is used in water and air purification, removing impurities, odors, and chemicals through adsorption.
Batteries and Electronics.
Used as a conductive material in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Graphite powder is commonly used in electrical contacts and conductive coatings.
Pigments and Coatings.
Carbon black is used as a black pigment in inks, paints, plastics, and rubber products (like tires).
Metallurgy.
Carbon powder is used as a reducing agent in metal extraction and smelting processes.
Polishing and Lubrication.
Graphite and carbon powders are used in dry lubricants, polishing compounds, and mold release agents in various industrial processes.
Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.
Activated carbon powder is also used in face masks, toothpastes, and as an ingredient in detox products.
Carbon powder is a fine, black or grayish powder made primarily of carbon (C) particles. It can be produced from various carbon-rich sources such as coal, petroleum, wood, or natural gas, and is often categorized based on its origin and purity. The physical and chemical properties of carbon powderâ??like high surface area, conductivity, and chemical stabilityâ??make it useful across multiple industries.
Composition:
Primary Element: Carbon (C)
Forms of Carbon Powder:
Activated Carbon: Highly porous, used for filtration and adsorption
Carbon Black: Fine black powder made from incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products
Graphite Powder: Crystalline form of carbon with high electrical conductivity
Amorphous Carbon: Irregular, non-crystalline form of carbon
Charcoal Powder: Derived from wood or organic matter
Uses of Carbon Powder:
Filtration and Purification.
Activated carbon powder is used in water and air purification, removing impurities, odors, and chemicals through adsorption.
Batteries and Electronics.
Used as a conductive material in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Graphite powder is commonly used in electrical contacts and conductive coatings.
Pigments and Coatings.
Carbon black is used as a black pigment in inks, paints, plastics, and rubber products (like tires).
Metallurgy.
Carbon powder is used as a reducing agent in metal extraction and smelting processes.
Polishing and Lubrication.
Graphite and carbon powders are used in dry lubricants, polishing compounds, and mold release agents in various industrial processes.
Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals.
Activated carbon powder is also used in face masks, toothpastes, and as an ingredient in detox products.
Nickel ores produce acidic sulfate or chloride solutions, with various processing methods employed to extract and refine nickel for alloy production. These techniques are selected based on specific industrial requirements and available information. One economically significant source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which typically contains 1â??2% nickel.
Nickel Properties
Appearance: Lustrous, metallic, silver-colored with a slight gold tinge
Antimony ingots are refined, cast blocks or bars of antimony metal, usually with a high purity level (typically 99.65%). They are the result of smelting and refining antimony ore, most commonly from stibnite (Sbâ??Sâ??). These ingots are used as a base material for various industrial applications.
Characteristics of Antimony Ingots:
Appearance: Silvery-white, brittle metal with a shiny surface
Form: Usually in rectangular bars or trapezoidal blocks
Purity: Common grades are:
99.65% (Grade 2)
99.85% (Grade 1)
99.99% (High Purity) for electronic and semiconductor applications
Melting Point: ~630C (1166F)
Density: ~6.7 g/cm
Brittle: Can be crushed into powder, not malleable
Uses of Antimony Ingots:
Alloy Production
Used with lead to make hard alloys for:
Lead-acid batteries
Bullet and shot casting
Cable sheathing
Bearings and solder
Increases hardness and mechanical strength
Flame Retardants
Melted down and processed into antimony trioxide (Sbâ??Oâ??), used in flame retardant materials for:
Plastics
Textiles
Electrical components
Electronics & Semiconductors
High-purity ingots used in:
Semiconductors
Infrared detectors
Microelectronics
Glass & Ceramics
Used to remove bubbles and act as a fining agent in the glass manufacturing process
Packaging & Trade:
Typically packed in:
25 kg, 50 kg ingots
1-ton wooden or steel strapped pallets
Exported globally, with China being the largest producer and exporter
Safety Note:
While metallic antimony is relatively stable, antimony compounds can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. Proper handling and safety protocols are essential during processing.
Antimony ore is a naturally occurring mineral that contains antimony (Sb), a lustrous gray metalloid. The most common form of antimony ore is stibnite (Sbâ??Sâ??), which has a metallic luster and a lead-gray color. Other less common ores include valentinite (Sbâ??Oâ??) and kermesite (Sbâ??Sâ??O).
Characteristics of Antimony Ore:
Main Mineral: Stibnite (Sbâ??Sâ??)
Appearance: Metallic luster, steel-gray to silver in color
Hardness: 2 on Mohs scale (very soft)
Density: 4.6 g/cm�³ (moderate)
Found in: Hydrothermal veins, often with quartz, arsenic, lead, and silver ores
Uses of Antimony and Its Ore:
Flame Retardants
Main Use: Over 50% of antimony output goes into making flame retardant compounds.
How: Antimony trioxide (Sbâ??Oâ??) is combined with halogenated compounds to inhibit fire spread in plastics, textiles, and electronics.
Alloying Agent
Used with lead to improve hardness and strength.
Applications:
Lead-acid batteries
Bullets
Cable sheathing
Bearings and solder
Semiconductors and Electronics.
Antimony is used in semiconductors, infrared detectors, and diodes due to its electrical conductivity properties.
Glass and Ceramics.
Used to decolorize glass and as an opacifier in ceramic enamels.
Medicine and Cosmetics (historical and niche)
Anciently used in kohl (eyeliner) and traditional medicines.
Modern use is limited due to toxicity.
Pigments.
Antimony compounds are used in some paints and pigments.
Rhodium ore refers to naturally occurring rock that contains trace amounts of rhodium (Rh), a rare and valuable precious metal belonging to the platinum group metals (PGMs). Rhodium is typically not found in concentrated ore deposits on its own. Instead, it occurs as a by-product in the mining and refining of other PGMs, particularly platinum and palladium, and sometimes in nickel and copper ores.
Typical Host Minerals: Sulfide minerals such as pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite
Geological Sources: Rhodium is primarily extracted from sulfide ore bodies found in regions like South Africaâ??s Bushveld Complex, Russia's Norilsk region, and parts of Canada.
Uses of Rhodium:
Catalytic Converters
Rhodium is most widely used in automotive catalytic converters to reduce harmful nitrogen oxide emissions from vehicle exhaust systems.
Jewelry and Finishing
Due to its brilliant reflective properties and resistance to tarnish, rhodium is used to plate white gold and silver jewelry, giving a bright, durable finish.
Electronics
Rhodium is used in electrical contacts and connectors where high corrosion resistance and conductivity are essential.
Chemical Industry
Employed as a catalyst in hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, especially in the production of acetic acid and nitric acid.
Investment and Bullion
Given its rarity and high value, rhodium is also traded as an investment commodity, similar to gold and platinum.
Industrial-grade lithium carbonate plays a crucial role in various industries. In steelmaking, it's used in continuous casting mold slag, while in the electrolytic aluminum industry, it helps reduce electrolyte volatility, viscosity, and melting point, enhancing conductivity and improving energy efficiency. It is also used in producing lithium bromide refrigerants, lithium chloride for metal lithium electrolysis, and high-purity and pharmaceutical-grade lithium carbonate. Additionally, it finds applications in glass, ceramics, enamel, and enamelware.
For storage and handling, it's essential to avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing, and keep it away from strong acids and oxidizers. It should be stored in a dry, well-ventilated, and airtight environment.
Packaging consists of paper-plastic composite bags lined with two layers of PE material, typically in 25kg bags or customized as per customer requirements. Regarding transportation, lithium carbonate is not classified as hazardous, allowing it to be shipped via sea, rail, air, or road. However, precautions should be taken against moisture and acids during transit.
Nickel chloride hexahydrate is a high-purity chemical compound with a wide range of industrial applications. It is commonly used in electroplating, catalyst manufacturing, material science, electronics, pharmaceutical research, and organic synthesis. Additionally, it serves as a catalyst in the production of dialkyl arylphosphonates. In electroplating, it functions as a reagent for nickel plating, an anode activator in rapid plating processes, and an ammonia absorber for industrial and gas mask applications. It also plays a role in catalyst production, dry battery manufacturing, and the creation of invisible ink.
Nickel chloride hexahydrate is utilized in electroforming, electroless plating, dye mordants, insecticides, glass colorants, and various other chemical processes. Nickel chloride solution, also referred to as nickel chloride anhydrous, is mainly employed as a plating agent and metal surface treatment compound.
