Ginger root Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Linn. Family: Zingiberaceae. Ginger oil and oleoresins are the volatile oil derived by steam distillation of ginger and oleoresin. It is obtained by percolating the powdered rhizomes of Ginger, Zingiber officinale with volatile solvents. Ginger contains 1-2 percent of volatile oil, 5-8 percent of pungent acrid oleoresin and starch. Zingiberene is the chief constituent in the oil of ginger. Oil is employed for flavoring all kinds of food products and confectionary and finds limited use in perfumery. Oleoresin, commercially called Gingerin contains pungent principles viz. gingerol and shogaol apart from the volatile oil of ginger and is used as an aromatic, carminative, stomachic and as a stimulant. Oleoresin from ginger is obtained conventionally by extraction of dried powdered ginger with organic solvents like ethyl acetate, ethanol or acetone. Commercial dried ginger yields 3.5-10.0 per cent oleoresin. Ginger oleoresin is a dark brown viscous liquid responsible for the flavour and pungency of the spice. Ginger of commerce or `Adrak` is the dried underground stem or rhizome of the plant, which constitutes one of the five most important major spices of India, standing third or fourth, competing with chillies, depending upon fluctuations in world market prices, world market demand and supply position. Ginger, like cinnamon, clove and pepper, is one of the most important and oldest spices. It consists of the prepared and sun dried rhizomes known in trade as `hands` and `races` which are either with the outer brownish cortical layers (coated or unscraped), or with outer peel or coating partially or completely removed. Ginger requires a warm and humid climate. It is cultivated from sea level to an altitude of 1500 meters, either under heavy rainfall conditions of 150 to 300 cm or under irrigation. The crop can thrive well in sandy or clayey loam or lateritic soils. The composition of dry ginger is given below: Dry Ginger rootMoisture:6.9 % Protein:8.6 % Fat:6.4 % Fiber:5.9 % Carbohydrates:66.5 % Ash:5.7 % Calcium:0.1 % Phosphorous:.15 % Iron:0.011 % Sodium:0.03 % Potassium:1.4 % Vitamin A:175 I.U./100 g Vitamin B1:0.05 mg/100 g Vitamin B2:0.13 mg/100 g Niacin:1.9 mg/100 g Vitamin C:12.0 mg/100 g Calorific value:380 calories/100 g. Ginger Oleoresin is obtained by extraction of powdered dried ginger with suitable solvents like alcohol, acetone etc. Unlike volatile oil, it contains both the volatile oil and the non-volatile pungent principles for which ginger is so highly esteemed. Concentration of the acetone extract under vacuum and on complete removal of even traces of the solvent used, yields the so called oleoresin of ginger. Ginger oleoresin is manufactured on a commercial scale in India and abroad and is in great demand by the various food industries.
Long pepper, also known as the Indian long pepper, is a herb that prominently features in Ayurvedic medicine, also popularly used as a spice and in seasoning mixes. The botanical name for this herb is Piper longum, and it is known to contain a chemical known as piperine, which helps fight parasites and other infectious agents. The many health benefits of long pepper: Long pepper forms an important part of our ancient Indian medicine-Ayurveda, and is thought to hold good therapeutic properties. Research has specified the use of this herb for 3 major health conditions described below- Diabetes: Diabetes is the leading cause of concern for individuals around the world. Thankfully, long pepper has been found to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients and prevent other complications associated with the disorder. Liver ailments: Due to our dependency on processed foods, our internal organs, including the liver, tend to become weak, and more and more people are now suffering from liver ailments. Long pepper, known to possess liver-protective functions, may help the body manage liver toxicity, and may also prevent jaundice. Bacterial infections: In a developing country like India, where lack of sanitation and cleanliness forms an important reason for many bacterial infections, long pepper could be beneficial as a simple home remedy. It is thought that the root and the fruit may possess anti-amoebic activity. Apart from these specific health benefits, long pepper is also believed to help patients suffering from the following health problems- - Stroke - Fever - Stomach ache - Asthma
Juniperus communis Fam: Cupressaceae Juniper is widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere and its birthplace is obscure. It is found in Europe, North Africa, North America and northern Asia. The main commercial producers are Hungary and southern Europe, especially Italy. The berries were known to Greek, Roman and early Arab physicians as a medicinal fruit and are mentioned in the Bible. In the Renaissance, they were recommended against snake bite, and plague and pestilence. Because of its air-cleansing piney fragrance, the foliage was used as a strewing herb to freshen stale air and the Swiss burned the berries with heating fuel in winter to sanitize stale air. Gin, the alcoholic drink that gets its unique flavour from juniper berries, is named from an adaptation of the Dutch word for juniper, "geneva". Spice Description Initially hard and pale green, juniper berries ripen to blue-black, become fleshy and contain three sticky, hard, brown seeds. When dried, the berries remain soft but if broken open one will find the pith surrounding the seeds is easily crumbled. Bouquet: Fragrant and flowery, combining the aromas of gin and turpentine. Flavour:Aromatic, bittersweet and piny. Hotness Scale: 1 Preparation and Storage Juniper berries are at their best when they are still moist and soft to the touch, squashing fairly easily between one's fingers. It is possible to make a purée from juniper berries or to extract the flavour and aroma by macerating them in hot water, but as all parts are edible and the texture is agreeable, it is usually just as well to use the entire fruit, split or crushed. The berries are quite powerful, one heaped teaspoon of crushed fruits serving for a dish for four people. Store in a cool place in an airtight container. Culinary Uses Juniper berries perform a quite unique role, by contributing as much to the character of food through their 'freshening' ability, as they do by way of their specific taste profile. As well as flavouring a dish, juniper cuts the gaminess of game, reduces the fatty effect of duck and pork and perks up a bread stuffing. The strong hearty flavour of juniper goes well with strong meats, such as game. Pork chops, roast leg of lamb, veal, rabbit, venison and wild boar are all enlivened with a hint of juniper. Juniper berries blend well with other herbs and spices, especially thyme, sage, oregano, marjoram, bay leaves, allspice and onions and garlic. One application I am particularly fond of is in a simple chicken casserole, It can effectively be added to wine marinades for meats, and is used with coriander in smoking meat. It seasons pâtés and sauces and in Sweden. Goulash and Sauerkraut often feature a juniper taste, as do some home-pickled meats like salt beef, salt pork and ham. Generally juniper can well be used in any dish requiring alcohol. Fruit dishes, such as apple tart and pickled peaches, also harmonize with this flavour.
Sweet marjoram: Origanum (O) hortensis (orMajoranahortensis). Potmarjoram: O.onites Wildmajoram: O.vulgare. Syrian majoram is called zatar Family: Labiatae or Lamiaceae (mint family). In Europe, marjoram was a traditional symbol of youth and romantic love. Used by Romans as an aphrodisiac, it was used to cast love spells and was worn at weddings as a sign of happiness during the middle Ages. Greeks who wore marjoram wreaths at weddings called it “joy of the mountains.” It was used to brew beer before hops was discovered, and flavored a wine called hippocras. A cousin of the oregano family, marjoram originated in Mediterranean regions and is now a commonly used spice in many parts of Europe. Called zatar in the Middle east and often mistaken for oregano, it is also a popular spicing in Eastern Europe. Origin and Varieties Marjoram is indigenous to northern Africa and southwest Asia. It is cultivated around the Mediterranean, in England, Central and Eastern Europe, South America, the United States, and India. Description Marjoram leaf is used fresh, as whole or chopped, and dried whole or broken, and ground. The flowering tops and seeds, which are not as strong as the leaves, are also used as flavorings. Sweet marjoram is a small and oval-shaped leaf. It is light green with a greyish tint. Marjoram is fresh, spicy, bitter, and slightly pungent with camphor like notes. It has the fragrant herbaceous and delicate, sweet aroma of thyme and sweet basil. Pot marjoram is bitter and less sweet. Chemical Components Sweet marjoram has 0.3% to 1% essential oil, mostly monoterpenes. It is yellowish to dark greenish brown in color. It mainly consists of cis-sabinene hydrate (8% to 40%), -terpinene (10%), a-terpinene (7.6%), linalyl acetate (2.2%), terpinen 4-ol (18% to 48%), myrcene (1.0%), linalool (9% to 39%), -cymene (3.2%), caryophyllene (2.6%), and a-terpineol (7.6%). Its flavor varies widely depending on its origins. The Indian and Turkish sweet marjorams have more d-linalool, caryophyllene, carvacrol, and eugenol. Its oleoresin is dark green, and 2.5 lb. are equivalent to 100 lb. of freshly ground marjoram. Marjoram contains calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and niacin. Culinary uses of Marjoram Marjoram is typically used in European cooking and is added to fish sauces, clam chowder, butter-based sauces, salads, tomato-based sauces, vinegar, mushroom sauces, and eggplant. In Germany, marjoram is called the “sausage herb” and is used with thyme and other spices in different types of sausages. It is usually added at the end of cooking to retain its delicate flavor or as a garnish. It goes well with vegetables including cabbages, potatoes, and beans. The seeds are used to flavor confectionary and meat products.
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Fam: Myristicaceae The nutmeg tree is a large evergreen native to the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) and is now cultivated in the West Indies. It produces two spices — mace and nutmeg. Nutmeg is the seed kernel inside the fruit and mace is the lacy covering (aril) on the kernel. The Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe up until 1512, when Vasco de Gama reached the Moloccas and claimed the islands for Portugal. To preserve their new monopoly, the Portuguese (and from 1602, the Dutch) restricted the trees to the islands of Banda and Amboina. The Dutch were especially cautious, since the part of the fruit used as a spice is also the seed, so that anyone with the spice could propagate it. To protect against this, the Dutch bathed the seeds in lime, which would prevent them from growing. This plan was thwarted however, by fruit pigeons who carried the fruit to other islands, before it was harvested, scattering the seeds. The Dutch sent out search and destroy crews to control the spread and when there was an abundant harvest, they even burned nutmeg to keep its supply under control. Despite these precautions, the French, led by Pierre Poivre (Peter Piper) smuggled nutmeg seeds and clove seedlings to start a plantation on the island of Mauritius, off the east coast of Africa, near Madagascar. In 1796 the British took over the Moloccas and spread the cultivation to other East Indian islands and then to the Caribbean. Nutmeg was so successful in Grenada it now calls itself the Nutmeg Island, designing its flag in the green, yellow and red colours of nutmeg and including a graphic image of nutmeg in one corner. Spice Description The nutmeg seed is encased in a mottled yellow, edible fruit, the approximate size and shape of a small peach. The fruit splits in half to reveal a net-like, bright red covering over the seed. This is the aril which is collected, dried and sold as mace. Under the aril is a dark shiny nut-like pit, and inside that is the oval shaped seed which is the nutmeg. Nutmegs are usually sold without the mace or hard shell. They are oval, about 25 mm (1 in) in length, lightly wrinkled and dark brown on the outside, lighter brown on the inside. Nutmeg is sold whole or ground, and is labeled as ‘East Indian’ or ‘West Indian’ indicating its source. Whole nutmeg may be coated with lime to protect against insects and fungus, though this practice is giving way to other forms of fumigation. Bouquet:sweet, aromatic and nutty Flavour : Nutty , warm and slightly sweet Hotness Scale: 1
Black Pepper Oleoresin Botanical: Piper nigrum Family: N.O. Piperaceae Hindi Name: Gol Mirch General Description: The best Pepper of commerce comes from Malabar. Pepper is mentioned by Roman writers in the fifth century. The plant can attain a height of 20 or more feet, but for commercial purposes it is restricted to 12 feet. The plant is propagated by cuttings and grown at the base of trees with a rough, prickly bark to support them. Between three or four years after planting they commence fruiting and their productiveness ends about the fifteenth year. The berries are collected as soon as they turn red and before they are quite ripe; they are then dried in the sun. Geographical Sources: Black pepper is native to Malabar, a region in the Western Coast of South India; part of the union state Kerala. It is also grown in Malaysia and Indonesia since about that time when it was found in the Malabar Coast. In the last decades of the 20th century, pepper production increased dramatically as new plantations were founded in Thailand, Vietnam, China and Sri Lanka. The most important producers are India and Indonesia, which together account for about 50% of the whole production volume History/Region of Origin: In South India wild, and in Cochin-China; also cultivated in East and West Indies, Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, Siam, Malabar, etc. Varieties -> in trade, the pepper grades are identified by their origin. In India -> The most important Indian grades are Malabar and Tellicherry (Thalassery). The Malabar grade is regular black pepper with a slightly greenish hue, while Tellicherry is a special product. Both Indian black peppers, but especially the Telicherry grade, are very aromatic and pungent. In the past, Malabar pepper was also traded under names like Goa or Aleppi. Cochin is the pepper trade center in India. In South East Asia, the most reputated proveniences for black pepper are Sarawak in Malaysia and Lampong from Sumatra/Indonesia. Both produce small-fruited black pepper that takes on a greyish colour during storage; both have a less-developed aroma, but Lampong pepper is pretty hot. Sarawak pepper is mild and often described fruity. Description: Oleoresin Black Pepper is the natural extract of dried tender berries of Piper Nigrum Linn of family Piperaceae. Manufacturing Process: It is obtained by the solvent extraction of Black Pepper and the solvent traces are removed by distilling it in vacua at controlled temperature. Physical Appearance: It is a yellowish brown viscous liquid with pungent slightly biting aroma of Black Pepper.
Neodymium magnets (also known as NdFeB, Neo or NIB magnets), are strong permanent magnets made from an alloy of neodymium, iron & boron. Part of the Rare-Earth magnet family, they have the highest magnetic properties of all permanent magnets. Due to their high magnetic strength and relatively low-cost, they are the preferred choice for many consumers, commercial, industrial and technical applications.NdFeB is divided into sintered NdFeB and bonded NdFeB. Bonded NdFeB is magnetic in all directions and corrosion resistance and is divided into Bonded Compression NdFeB Magnet and Bonded Injection NdFeB Magnet; while sintered NdFeB is easy to corrosion, the surface requires coating, generally divided into axial and radial magnetic charging. Advantages of Sintered NdFeB Magnet : 1. Very hard and brittle, high diamagnetic resistance, high cost / performance ratio, not suitable for high working temper ature; 2. Magnetic performance is higher than that of the rare earth cobalt permanent magnet, the residual magnetic induction strength, magnetic induction coercivity, the maximum magnetic energy product is very high, is the current magnetic performance of the best permanent magnet; 3. High cost performance.
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AINiCo is composed primarily of Aluminum Nickel Cobalt and also Copper and Titanium. They are manufactured through either casting or sintering process. Cast AINiCo may be manufactured in complex shapes such as horseshoes not possible with other magnet materials. Sintered AINiCo offer slightly lower magnetic properties but better mechanical characteristics. it can be efficiently magnetized in any direction, and for anisotropic AINiComagnet, it generally has greater magnetic capacitive in a preferred orientation than isotropic types. AINiCo is hard and brittle, Machining or drilling cannot therefore be accomplished by ordinary methods. Holes are usually cored in at the foundry, and magnets are cast close to final size and then finish machined to closer tolerances. â?¢ Advantages of AlNiCo Magnet: 1.Customized designs are available. 2.Max working temperature can be as high as 550�°C. 3.Disadvantage: Br and BH(max)are not as high as rare earth magnet. 4.High energies and relatively low coercivity. 5.High magnetic flux density; low mold charge stable temperature properties; easy to shap.
Fasteners are the general term of the class of mechanical parts used in fastening two or more parts (or components) into a whole. It is widely used in energy, electronics, electrical appliances, machinery, chemical, metallurgy, mold, hydraulic and other industries, at the same time, in various kinds of machinery, equipment, vehicles, ships, railway, bridge, construction, structure, tools, instruments, chemical, instruments and supplies, you can see all kinds of fasteners, is the most widely used mechanical foundation parts. It is characterized by a wide variety of variety specifications, different performance uses, and a very high degree of standardization, series, and generalization. Therefore, a class of fasteners that already have national standards is called standard fasteners, or simply standard ones.
Hollow Section steel Tube is the general name for the steel pipe other than thecircular steel pipe. Such as square, rectangle, oval,elliptical, cone, trapezoidal, spiral, etc. Different steel pipe can more adapt to the particularity of use conditions, save metal and improve the labor productivity of parts manufacturing. It is widely used in aviation, automobile, shipbuilding, mining machinery, agricultural machinery, construction, light textile and boiler manufacturing. The methods of producing different pipes are cold pulling, electric welding, extrusion and hot rolling, etc. Compared with the round tube, the different tubes generally have a larger moment of inertia and cross section modulus, and have a large bending resistance and torsion resistance, which can greatly reduce the structural weight and save steel.
Stainless steel tube is a hollow long strip steel made of stainless-steel material. Because of its excellent corrosion resistance, it is mainly widely used in petroleum, chemical, medical, food, light industry, mechanical instruments and other industrial transportation pipelines and mechanical structural components. In addition, when the bending and torsion strength are the same, the weight is light, so it is also widely used in manufacturing mechanical parts and engineering structures, but also commonly used in the field of furniture decoration. Stainless steel pipe is divided into seamless pipe and welding pipe according to the production mode, seamless steel pipe can be divided into hot rolling pipe, cold rolling pipe, cold pulling pipe and extrusion pipe, etc., cold pulling and cold rolling is the secondary processing of steel pipe; welding pipe is divided into straight welding pipe and spiral welding pipe. Stainless steel pipes can be divided into round tubes and different tubes according to the cross-sectional shape. The form tubes have rectangular tubes, rhomboid tubes, ellipse tubes, hexagonal tubes, octagonal tubes and various cross-sectional asymmetric tubes. It can be divided into Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube Ferritic Stainless Steel Tube Martensitic Stainless Steel Tube and Duplex Stainless Steel Tube by the type of stainless steel.
Pipe fittings are the general names of parts and components that play the role of connection, control, direction change, diversion, sealing and support in the pipeline system. Steel fittings are pressure fittings. According to the different processing technology, it is divided into four categories, namely, butt welding pipe fittings (divided into weld and no weld), socket welding and threaded pipe fittings, flange pipe fittings. According to the application: 1. pipe fittings for connecting pipes are: flanges, live joints, pipe hoops, clamps, clamps, throat hoops, etc. 2. changing the direction of the pipe: bends, bends. 3. pipe fittings changing pipe diameter: variable diameter (different diameter pipe), different diameter elbow, branch pipe table, reinforcing pipe. 4. pipe fittings with additional piping branches: three links, four links. 5. pipe fittings for pipe sealing: gasket, raw material belt, thread hemp, flange blind plate, pipe plug, blind plate, head, welding plug. 6. pipe fittings for pipe fixing: clasp, hook, ring, bracket, bracket, pipe clamp, etc. According to the connection :1, welded pipe fittings 2, threaded pipe fittings 3, clamping pipe fittings 4, clamping pipe fittings 5, socket pipe fittings 6, rubber ring connection pipe fittings According to the material divided into 1, cast steel pipe fittings 2, forged steel pipe fittings 3, alloy pipe fittings 4, stainless steel pipe fittings. Pipe fittings are widely used in municipal, petrochemical, west-to-east gas transmission, ships and nuclear power.