Cow dung is rich in several beneficial microbes like Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Candida, etc. It also contains various nutritional components, including minerals, vitamins, potassium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, cellulose, hemicellulose, mucus, lignin. Cow dung is used to degrade waste generated from the city and hospitals due to the abundance of different micro-organisms beneficial for waste degradation.
In rural areas of India, a dried cow dung cake is used as a source of energy for cooking food, decreasing the dependency on other sources of energy and is entirely environment-friendly, and ensures air purification by killing the microbes in the surrounding air. â??Gobarâ?? gas (biogas) plants also serve as a significant energy source. They convert cow dung into methane gas, which is used as a source of energy for cooking and generation of electricity Furthermore, the remaining residue is the best organic manure after converting most cow dung into methane gas.
Fibrous material obtained from cow dung is used for the preparation of papers Recently, cow
dung-based mosquito repellents have been among the best alternatives for synthetic mosquito
repellants. Also, cow dung-based toothpaste protects against oral pathogens and improves oral health. The use of cow dun ensures more environment-friendly and cost-effective human activities
The use of cow dung in agriculture is essential to maintain soil quality. Cow dung helps increase the population of earthworms, and also promotes and manages fertile soil with the presence of Eisenia andrei species of earthworm, showing an enhancement in the nitrification process. Fungal diseases are among the major problem in agricultural fields. The use of cow dung can restrict the development of such fungal issues due to Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum The use of pesticides, fertilizers, weedicides, and antibiotics in farming practices is hazardous to humans and animals, and leads to severe diseases such as immunosuppression, hypersensitivity reaction, and auto-immune disorders. Therefore, products obtained from organic farming have more demand as organic farming practices are devoid of harmful chemicals for crop production. High microbial count and nutritional value led the cow dung as manure for farming practices in organic farms. Cow dung serves as the best replacement for these chemicals and ensures human and animal health
Bentonite
China clay
Fly ash is a fine gray powder consisting mostly of spherical, glassy particles that are produced as a byproduct in coal-fired power stations. Fly ash has pozzolanic properties, meaning that it reacts with lime to form cementitious compounds. It is commonly known as a supplementary cementitious material.
Fly ash is suitable for a wide variety of applications and uses, including:
â?¢ Concrete
â?¢ Dams
â?¢ Flowable fill
â?¢ Mines
â?¢ Landfills
â?¢ Geopolymer concrete
Fly ash is also known as flue-ash or simply ash.
Fly ash significantly improves concrete performance and also provides many benefits in cement and non-cement applications. Also, when treated with sodium hydroxide, fly ash appears to function well as a catalyst for converting polyethylene into a substance similar to crude oil in a high-temperature process called pyrolysis.
Calcite is a rock-forming mineral with a chemical formula of CaC03. It is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Some geologists consider it to be a ubiquitous mineral. Calcite Powder is a natural form of Calcium Carbonate with extremely high whiteness, purity and free flowing in nature.
Use of calcite powder:
It finds use in ceramics, glass, rubber, textile, paint, mortar, cement industries, dairy, food, transparent variety and other many use
Quartz powder
Silica Sand is typically a form of Silicon dioxide (SiO2), made up of two main elements â?? silica and oxygen.
The most common form of Silicon dioxide is quartz, which is a chemically inert and hard mineral, broke down into tiny granules over time through the wind and water called Silica Sand.
It is also known as White sand, Quartz sand and Industrial sand, that comes with a wide range of shades, mostly white or colourless. The colour of the sand depends chiefly on the rock detritus and a variety of minerals that make up the resource.
It is obtained by the quartz materials from the sources like beach dunes and processes them into different types and grades of sand, and then supplied to different industries for various applications.
Silica sand possesses some criteria that it must contain, at least 95% silicon dioxide and equal to 0.6 % iron oxide, if not it is considered as regular sand.
Silica sand in construction
The presence of these minerals makes the sand regular and darker colour compared to silica sand. The normal sand (non-silica sand) available in various shades such as pink, black and green depends on the sand deposit on different geological places.
Uses of Silica Sand
Silica sand is valued for several useful properties. It owns high melting point and low thermal expansion coefficient, which makes it a good choice for applications that involve high-temperature exposures.
Here are some examples of silica sand uses in different sectors.
1. Glass
Silica sand is a primary component in the manufacturing of glass. It is a very important raw material for standard and special glasses. The chemical purity of silica sand is the principal determinant of strength, colour and clarity.
Silica in Glass Making
It is used to produce flat glass for building and automotive uses and for container glass that stores food and beverages. It reinforces glass fibres and required for the production of fibreglass insulation. It is applied in speciality glasses that include test tubes, scientific tools, television and CRT monitors, and also in incandescent and fluorescent lamps
Sports Fields and Golf Courses
On synthetic sports fields and golf courses, silica sand is used for bunkers and greens. Because of its ability to support and natural plant growth, it is also used to maintain greens and fairways.
Silica sand in bunkers (golf courses)
The natural grained shape provides the required permeability and helps to facilitate day to day maintenance like root aeration and fertilization.
