Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried fruits of Capsicum annuum (e.g., bell peppers or chili peppers). In many European languages, the word paprika refers to bell peppers themselves. The seasoning is used in many cuisines to add color and flavor to dishes. Paprika can range from sweet (mild, not hot) to spicy (hot). Flavors also vary from country to country. Usage Paprika is used as an ingredient in a broad variety of dishes throughout the world. Paprika is principally used to season and color rices, stews, and soups, such as goulash, and in the preparation of sausages as an ingredient that is mixed with meats and other spices. Paprika can also be used with henna to bring a reddish tint to hair when coloring it. Paprika powder can be added to henna powder when prepared at home. Paprika is also high in other antioxidants, containing about 10% of the level found in berries. Prevalence of nutrients, however, must be balanced against quantities ingested, which are generally negligible for spices. Paprika oleoresin (also known as paprika extract) is an oil soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum Annum Linn or Capsicum Frutescens(Indian red chillies), and is primarily used as a colouring and/or flavouring in food products. ... Oleoresin Paprika is produced by the extraction of lipids and pigments from the pods of sweet red pepper, Capsicum Annuum L. Grown in temperate climates. An oil soluble extract with it is widely used in processed foods such as sausage, dressings, dry soluble seasonings, food coatings, and snack food seasonings. Paprika Oleoresin, obtained from Capsicum, is a natural dye used as a colorant and a flavor enhancer in foods, meats and pharmaceuticals. It is obtained by percolation with a volatile solvent which should be removed subsequently, such as acetone, trichloroethylene, 2-propanol, methanol, ethanol and hexane. Capsaicin is the major flavouring compound, whereas capsanthin and capsorubin are major colouring compounds among variety of coloured compounds present in Paprika Oleoresin. Uses Foods coloured with paprika oleoresin include cheese, orange juice, spice mixtures, sauces, sweets and emulsified processed meats. In poultry feed it is used to deepen the colour of egg yolks.
Mace Botanical: Myristica fragrans Family: N.O. Myristicaceae Hindi Name: Mace - Javitri General Description: Nutmeg, spice consisting of the seed of the Myristica fragrans, a tropical, dioecious evergreen tree native to the Moluccas or Spice Islands of Indonesia. Geographical Sources The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is indigenous to the Moluccas in Indonesia but has been successfully grown in other Asian countries and in the Caribbean, namely Grenada. Banda Islands, Malayan Archipelago, Molucca Islands, and cultivated in Sumatra, French Guiana Composition -> Nutmeg and mace contain 7 to 14 percent essential oil, the principal components of which are pinene, camphene, and dipentene. Nutmeg on expression yields about 24 to 30 percent fixed oil called nutmeg butter, or oil of mace. Dried kernel of the seed. Varieties -> Whole nutmegs are grouped under three broad quality classifications: 1. Sound: nutmegs which are mainly used for grinding and to a lesser extent for oleoresin extraction. High quality or sound whole nutmegs are traded in grades which refer to their size in numbers of nutmegs per pound: 80s, 110s and 130s (110 to 287 nuts per kg), or 'ABCD' which is an assortment of various sizes. 2. Substandard: nutmegs which are used for grinding, oleoresin extraction and essential oil distillation. Substandard nutmegs are traded as 'sound, shrivelled' which in general have a higher volatile oil content than mature sound nutmegs and are used for grinding, oleoresin extraction and oil distillation; and 'BWP' (broken, wormy and punky) which are mainly used for grinding as volatile oil content generally does not exceed 8%. 3. Distilling: poor quality nutmegs used for essential oil distillation.Distilling grades of nutmegs are of poorer quality: 'BIA' or 'ETEZ' with a volatile oil content of 8% to 10%; and 'BSL' or 'AZWI' which has less shell material and a volatile oil content of 12% to 13%. Method of Processing -> When fully mature it splits in two, exposing a crimson-coloured aril, the mace, surrounding a single shiny, brown seed, the nutmeg. The pulp of the fruit may be eaten locally. After collection, the aril-enveloped nutmegs are conveyed to curing areas where the mace is removed, flattened out, and dried. The nutmegs are dried gradually in the sun and turned twice daily over a period of six to eight weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden truncheon and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are grayish-brown ovals with furrowed surfaces. Large ones may be about 1.2 inches long and 0.8 inch in diameter. Taste and Aroma: Nutmeg has a characteristic, pleasant fragrance and slightly warm taste
S.N CAS No. Item 1 9003-07-0 Poly(propylene) 2 25766-59-0 Polycarbonate resin 3 26062-94-2 Poly(butylene terephthalate) 4 9002-86-2 poly(vinyl chloride) 5 9002-88-4 Polythene 6 9003-56-9 ABS Resin 7 25212-74-2 Poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) 8 25135-51-7 Polysulfone 9 110-63-4 Butane-1,4-diol 10 9003-35-4 Phenol-formaldehyde resin 11 9003-53-6 Polystyrene 12 9011-14-7 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 13 26009-03-0 Poly(2-Hydroxyacetic acid) 14 24980-41-4 Polycaprolactone 15 31533-76-3 Polyphenyl ether 16 29658-26-2 PEEK 17 9002-81-7 PolyoxyMethylene 18 26023-30-3 Polylactic acid 19 63428-84-2 Polyamide 20 25038-59-9 Polyethylene terephthalate
S.N CAS No. Item 1 100-21-0 Terephthalic acid 2 67763-03-5 Silsesquioxanes 3 9003-01-4 Acrylic acid 4 1333-86-4 Carbon black 5 80-62-6 Methyl methacrylate 6 61788-97-4 Haloperidol 7 75-38-7 1,1-difluoroethylene 8 100-42-5 Styrene 9 9002-84-0 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 10 124-04-9 Adipic acid 11 107-21-1 Ethylene glycol 12 126-30-7 Neopentyl glycol 13 85-44-9 Phthalic anhydride 14 106-89-8 Epichlorohydrin 15 9003-08-1 Amino resin 16 9006-03-5 Chlorinated rubber 17 13463-67-7 Titanium dioxide 18 12227-89-3 Iron Oxide Black 19 922-67-8 Methylpropiolate 20 538-24-9 Trilaurin 21 9011-05-6 Urea formaldehyde 22 79-41-4 Methacrylic acid 23 1314-13-2 Zinc oxide 24 80-05-7 Bisphenol A 25 121-91-5 Isophthalic acid
1 108-78-1 Melamine 2 37640-57-6 Melamine cyanurate 3 63428-83-1 Polyamide 4 106-50-3 1,4-phenylenediamine 5 9002-89-5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 6 105-60-2 �µ-caprolactam 7 10578-34-4 Stearyl benzoate 8 108-31-6 Maleic anhydride 9 108-05-4 Vinyl acetate 10 26264-06-2 Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 11 111-69-3 Adiponitrile 12 924-42-5 N-Methylolacrylamide 13 100-20-9 Terephthaloyl Chloride 14 99-63-8 Isophthaloyl Chloride 15 1338-02-9 Copper naphthenate 16 6153-56-6 Oxalic acid dihydrate 17 79-10-7 Acrylic acid 18 75-01-4 Chloroethene 19 25190-06-1 Poly(butylene oxide) macromolecule 20 77-99-6 Trimethylol propane
1 141-78-6 Ethyl acetate 2 79-20-9 Methyl Acetate 3 123-86-4 Butyl acetate 4 108-32-7 Propylene carbonate 5 75-12-7 Formamide 6 127-19-5 N,N-dimethylacetamide 7 872-50-4 N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one 8 26171-83-5 1,2-butanediol 9 504-63-2 1,3-Propanediol 10 26761-45-5 2,3-Epoxypropyl neodecanoate 11 57-55-6 Propylene Glycol 12 108-94-1 Cyclohexanone 13 95-47-6 o-xylene 14 2238-07-5 Diglycidyl ether 15 122-60-1 Phenyl glycidyl ether 16 34590-94-8 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 17 110-54-3 Hexane 18 109-99-9 Tetrahydrofuran 19 75-09-2 Dichloromethane 20 110-82-7 Cyclohexane
1 27176-87-0 Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid 2 151-21-3 Sodium dodecyl sulfate 3 9016-45-9 Nonylphenol Ethoxylate 4 63449-41-2 Benzalkonium Chloride 5 139-07-1 Dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 6 9004-82-4 AES 7 6863-42-9 Coconut oil acid diethanolamine 8 683-10-3 Lauryl betaine 9 25155-30-0 Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate 10 107-43-7 Betaine 11 112-00-5 Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 12 25496-72-4 Glyceryl monooleate 13 1120-02-1 Octadecy trimethyl ammonium bromide 14 9005-64-5 Polysorbate 20 15 9005-67-8 Tween 60 16 68213-23-0 Fatty alcohol polyglycol ether 17 68585-34-2 Sodium lauryl ether sulfate 18 9004-95-9 Polyethylene Glycol Monocetyl Ether 19 9004-98-2 Polyethylene glycol monooleyl ether 20 9003-11-6 Polyethylene-polypropylene glycol
1 101-68-8 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate 2 9016-00-6 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) 3 26471-62-5 Tolylene diisocyanate 4 100-42-5 Styrene 5 141-32-2 Butyl acrylate 6 107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 7 106-99-0 Buta-1,3-diene 8 75-38-7 1,1-difluoroethylene 9 9-38-9 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 10 111-44-4 2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl ether 11 1187-93-5 Trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether 12 21645-51-2 Aluminum hydroxide 13 116-14-3 Tetrafluoroethene 14 116-15-4 Hexafluoropropylene 15 126-99-8 Chloroprene 16 103-11-7 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 17 140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate 18 78-79-5 Isoprene 19 96-33-3 Methyl acrylate 20 1300-21-6 Dichloroethane
1 117-81-7 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2 117-84-0 Di-n-octyl phthalate 3 85-69-8 Butyl 2-ethylhylhexyl phthalate 4 84-61-7 Dicyclohexyl phthalate 5 84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate 6 84-69-5 Diisobutyl phthalate 7 131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalate 8 84-66-2 Diethyl phthalate 9 20548-62-3 Bis(7-methyloctyl) phthalate 10 68515-49-1 Diisodecyl phthalate 11 84-75-3 Di-n-hexyl phthalate 12 6422-86-2 Dioctyl terephthalate 13 137-89-3 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) isophthalate 14 123-79-5 Dioctyl adipate 15 122-62-3 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate 16 109-43-3 Bis(n-butyl)sebacate 17 512-56-1 Ttrimethyl phosphate 18 126-73-8 Tributyl phosphate 19 8013-07-8 Epoxidized soya bean oil 20 77-93-0 Triethyl citrate
1 63148-62-9 Silicone oil 2 77-92-9 Citric acid 3 9003-05-8 Polyacrylamide 4 7664-39-3 Hydrogen fluoride 5 9000-11-7 Carboxymethyl cellulose 6 7757-82-6 Sodium sulfate 7 68-04-2 Sodium citrate 8 7664-38-2 Phosphoric acid 9 1310-73-2 Sodium hydroxide 10 497-19-8 Sodium carbonate 11 139-33-3 EDTA disodium 12 67-63-0 Isopropanol 13 25322-68-3 Polyethylene Glycol 14 144-55-8 Sodium bicarbonate 15 4404-43-7 Fluorescent Brightener 28 16 7758-29-4 Sodium tripolyphosphate 17 7601-54-9 Trisodium phosphate 18 532-32-1 Sodium benzoate 19 5329-14-6 Sulfamic acid 20 142-91-6 Isopropyl palmitate 21 7782-99-2 Sulfurous Acid 22 9014-01-1 Subtilisin (Compound proteinase) 23 1344-09-8 Sodium silicate 24 6834-92-0 Sodium metasilicate 25 7720-78-7 Ferrous sulfate
Hazelnut : Application of hazelnut - 1, in the field of food, hazelnut can be made of single food can also be made of sticky chocolate, candy, pastry and other processed foods. 2, hazelnut oil is about 54% of soybeans 2 to 3 times, is squeezed edible oil and a variety of industrial oil raw materials, oil can be used as feed or fertilizer. 3, stick can also be medicine. Hazelnut is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with lower cholesterol, effectively prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease; hazelnut in the vitamin E content of up to 36%, with anti-aging, cure blood vessels hardening, moisturizing the skin , The stick contains anti-cancer chemical ingredients paclitaxel, can treat ovarian cancer and breast cancer and some other cancer, can extend the patient's life; stick in the magnesium, calcium and potassium and other trace elements in the high content of long-term food help To adjust blood pressure. 4, hazelnut shell is the production of shells activated carbon raw materials. Hazelnut can be sericulture.
Chestnut : Chestnut produces higher energy, is a nut type, contains the starch is very high. According to the investigation of dry chestnut carbohydrates reached 77%, fresh chestnuts have 40%, is the potato 2.4 times; chestnut which is 4% to 5% protein content, although not as peanut, walnut, but also than cooked The rice is taller. Fresh chestnuts contain vitamin C than the recognized vitamin C rich tomatoes to more, it is more than ten times the apple! Chestnut contains a wide range of minerals, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and other content than apples, pears and other common fruit is much higher, especially potassium-containing, than the so-called potassium-rich apple is also 4 times higher The chestnut not only contains a lot of starch, but also rich in protein, fat, B vitamins and other nutrients, heat is also high, chestnut vitamin B1.B2 rich in content, vitamin B2 content of at least 4 times the rice 100 grams also contains 24 mg of vitamin C, which is food can not match. Every 100 grams of protein containing 5.7 grams, 2 grams of fat, carbohydrates 40 to 45 grams, 25 grams of starch. Health chestnut vitamin content can be as high as 40 to 60 mg, cooked chestnut vitamin content of about 25 mg. Chestnut also contains calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and other inorganic salts and carotene, B vitamins and other ingredients.
Orange : Orange color is bright, sweet and sour, generally orange, is one of the most common fruit in people's life, peel can be used as medicine. Orange sweet acid, warm, into the lungs. The main treatment of chest stagnation, vomiting, Eat less, stomach yin deficiency, mouth thirst, Hyperactivity cough and excessive drinking. With appetizers, thirst quencher lungs effect. Orange nutrition is also very rich, an orange almost every day to meet the human body needs vitamin C content. And the orange contains more than 170 kinds of plant compounds and more than 60 kinds of flavonoids, most of which are natural antioxidants. Organs rich in nutrients are hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerosis and other effects, the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the great benefit. Juice contains a substance called "Norlylin", with the ability to inhibit and kill cancer cells, the prevention of gastric cancer. Orange peel was orange-red, flesh was granular, and grapefruit is very similar. Orange peel thin meat, juicy sweet and sour, peeled orange orange water can overflow. Citrus fruit nutrient-rich, color and flavor and excellent, both fresh, but also processed into a variety of fruit juice-based processing products. Citrus production is the first of the fruit, citrus juice accounted for 3/4 of the juice, widely favored by consumers. According to the Central Health Research Institute, citrus per 100 grams of edible parts, containing 0.05 mg of riboflavin, 0.3 mg of niacin, 16 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 0.9 g of protein, 0.1 g of fat, 12 g of sugar, 0.2 grams of fiber, 0.4 grams of inorganic salts, 26 mg of calcium, 15 mg of phosphorus, 0.2 milligrams of iron, and 221.9 joules of calories. Orange carotene (vitamin A original) content after apricot, higher than other fruits.
Kiwi : The world's largest consumption of the first 26 kinds of fruit, kiwi is the most comprehensive. The content of Vc, Mg and trace elements in kiwifruit fruit was the highest. Among the top three low-sodium and high-potassium fruits, kiwi is at the top of the list because it contains more potassium than bananas and citrus. At the same time, the content of Ve and Vk in kiwifruit was determined to be excellent, low in fat and no cholesterol. According to the analysis, kiwi fruit vitamin content per 100 grams of fresh samples in general 100-200 mg, high up to 400 mg, about 5-10 times the citrus; sugar 8-14%, acid 1.4-2- 0%, but also with tyrosine and other amino acids 12 species. kiwi fruit contains a wide range of nutrients, most of the fruit is rich in one or two nutrients, but each kiwi can provide 8% DV folic acid, 8% DV copper, 8% pantothenic acid, 6% Fresh, 4% DV iron and vitamin B6, 2% DV phosphorus and Va as well as other vitamins and minerals. Kiwi in addition to kiwi alkali, proteolytic enzymes, tannin pectin and sugar and other organic matter, as well as calcium, potassium, selenium, zinc, germanium and other trace elements and the human body needs 17 kinds of amino acids, but also rich in vitamins, , Fructose, citric acid, malic acid, fat. A kiwi can provide a day more than twice the demand for vitamin C, known as the "king of fruit." Kiwi also contains good soluble dietary fiber, as the fruit of the most eye-catching place is contained in its superior antioxidant properties of plant chemical substances sod, according to the US Department of Agriculture research report, kiwi comprehensive antioxidant index in the Fruits among the top, second only to the thorns, blueberries and other small fruit, far stronger than apples, pears, watermelon, citrus and other daily fruits. And blueberries belong to the second generation of fruit is quite representative. Compared with sweet orange and lemon, kiwi fruit contains vitamin C ingredients are two times the first two fruits, so often used to fight against scurvy. Not only that, kiwi can stabilize mood, lower cholesterol, help digestion, prevent constipation, as well as thirst and diuretic and protect the role of the heart.
Melon Seeds : Nutritional value - 1. Sunflower seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, high quality protein, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, selenium and vitamins E, vitamin B1 and other nutrients 2. It contains a wealth of potassium on the heart has a protective function, to prevent a lot of benefits of hypertension 3. Sunflower seeds are rich in vitamin E, to prevent aging, improve immunity, the role of prevention of cardiovascular disease 4. Sunflower seeds contained in the plant sterols and phospholipids, can inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in the human body to prevent excessive plasma cholesterol, to prevent atherosclerosis 5. Sunflower seeds also regulate brain cell metabolism, improve its role in inhibiting the function, it can be used for hypnosis
Lotus Roots : 1. Heat and cool blood: Lotus root born with cold, with heat and cooling effect, can be used to treat hot disease; lotus root sweet and more liquid, fever thirst, Nvxue, hemoptysis, blood is particularly useful. 2. Laxative diarrhea, spleen appetizer: Lotus lotus contains mucin and dietary fiber, with the human body, the cholesterol and triglycerides in the human body, so that it is discharged from the feces, thereby reducing the absorption of lipids. Lotus root exudes a unique fragrance, but also contains tannins, there is a certain spleen diarrhea effect, can increase appetite, promote digestion, open stomach health, beneficial to poor appetite, loss of appetite were restored to health. 3. Yi Xue Sheng muscle: Lotus nutrient value is very high, rich in iron, calcium and other trace elements, plant protein, vitamins and starch content is also very rich, there are obvious tonic blood, enhance the role of human immunity. Therefore, Chinese medicine called it: "the main fill in the spirit of God. 4. Hemostasis stasis: Lotus root contains a lot of tannic acid, a contraction of blood vessels, can be used to stop bleeding. Lotus can also cooling blood, blood, Chinese medicine that hemostasis without leaving stasis, is the disease of hyperthermia diet to share.
Cucumber : 1. Anti-tumor: cucumber contains cucurbitacin C has the role of improving the immune function, can achieve the purpose of anti-tumor. In addition, the substance can also treat chronic hepatitis 2. Anti-aging: old cucumber is rich in vitamin E, can play a longevity, anti-aging effect; cucumber in the cucumber enzyme, has a strong biological activity, can effectively promote the body's metabolism. Smear the skin with a cucumber Daozhi, with moisturizing effect, stretch the effect of wrinkles 3. Alcoholism: Cucumber contains alanine, arginine and glutamine on liver patients, especially in patients with alcohol cirrhosis have some adjuvant therapy, can prevent alcoholism 4. Hypoglycemic: cucumber contains glucoside, fructose and so do not participate in the usual sugar metabolism, so the diabetic cucumber instead of starchy food to eat, blood sugar will not increase, or even lower 5. weight loss strong body: cucumber contains propionic acid, can inhibit the conversion of carbohydrates into fat. In addition, the cucumber in the promotion of human intestinal corrupt substances in the exclusion of drugs, as well as lower cholesterol have a certain role, can keep fit.
Almond : Medicinal value - South almonds, almonds in China called almonds. South almonds are also called sweet almonds, slightly sweet, which is also a way to distinguish between almond and northern almonds. First divided north and south almonds have so few say. North almond Naturally is the northern production of almonds, and also called bitter almonds. Main features - 1, bitter, must be soaked in water for 3 days to remove bitterness. 2, bitter almonds in the bitter taste of the process of almonds will be a lot of loss, so no almond fragrance. 3, bitter almonds have micro-toxicity (brewing when the need for high temperature hot water brewing, to poison). 4, therapeutic effect and sweet almond the same. 5, almond oil content of about 49%, ground into powder after the powder is relatively wet. 6, due to bitter taste, not many people eat, so bitter almond raw material prices are relatively low.
White Radish : 1, anti-cancer anti-cancer: radish contains lignin, can improve the vitality of macrophages, phagocytosis of cancer cells. In addition, radish contains a variety of enzymes, can break down carcinogenic nitrite amine, with anti-cancer effect. 2, rejuvenation anti-aging: radish is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C and other vitamins, especially in the leaves of vitamin C content is more than 4 times the root. Vitamin c can prevent skin aging, prevent the formation of black stains, keep the skin white and tender. In addition, vitamin a and vitamin c have antioxidant effect, can effectively inhibit cancer, can also prevent aging and atherosclerosis and so on. 3, fitness disease prevention: white radish containing mustard oil, amylase and crude fiber, with the promotion of digestion, increase appetite, accelerate gastrointestinal motility and cough and phlegm effect. Chinese medicine theory also believes that the taste Xin Gan, cool, into the lung and stomach, for the diet to share, can be treated or adjuvant treatment of various diseases, Compendium of Materia Medica called the most beneficial vegetables. 4, clean bowel detoxification: In addition to vitamins, white radish in the dietary fiber content is very impressive, especially in the leaves contained in the plant fiber is rich. These plant fibers can promote gastrointestinal motility, eliminate constipation, play the role of detoxification, thereby improving the skin rough.
Focus-6100 butyl tapes are mainly made of butyl rubber with excellent performance in waterproofing and sealing. Main Specification (Customized size is acceptable.) 3.0mm thickness * 12mm width *15m roll length 2.5mm thickness * 8mm width * 15m roll length 2 mm thickness * 15mm width * 20m roll length 2.5 mm thickness * 8mm width * 20m roll length Main Color black, grey, white Technical Data Product Series FOCUS-6100 Application Composite Materials Industry Elongation 500% Heat Resistance 90, no flowing within 2h Low Temperature Flexibility 40, no crack on surface within 24h Peel Strength 23N/cm Tensile Strength 220KPa Anti UV non-hardening and no cracks within in 2000h Corrosivity Non-corrosive to galvanizedsheet, aluminum sheet and coppersheet. Advantages Strong adhesion. Wide application temperature range. Excellent performance in waterproofing and sealing. Applications * During the production of vacuum extraction process for wind mill blade, it has excellent sealing property between vacuum bags and molds. During the production of vacuum extraction processfor fiberglass, it has excellent sealing property between vacuum bags and molds. * During the production of vacuum extraction process for cabin cover, it has excellent sealing property between vacuum bags and molds. * As auxiliary materials, our Focus-6100 series are widely used in the production of wind mill blade, fiberglass, cabin cover, car tail bracket, automotive engine cover, yacht. * Our products have excellent sealing property between vacuum bags and mold during the vacuum extraction process.
